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Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
1-CHLORO-2-CYCLOHEPTYLETHANE 1-CHLORO-2-CYCLOHEPTYLETHANE C9H17Cl
BENZAL BROMIDE BENZAL BROMIDE 618-31-5 C7H6Br2
3-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane 3-oxatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4]octane 278-74-0 C7H10O
1-CHLORO-2-METHYLBUTANE 1-CHLORO-2-METHYLBUTANE 616-13-7 C5H11Cl
1-Iodononane 1-Iodononane 4282-42-2 C9H19I
N-PENTYLCYCLOHEXANE N-PENTYLCYCLOHEXANE 38792-89-1 C12H22O2
(4-IODOPHENYLETHYNYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE (4-IODOPHENYLETHYNYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE 134856-58-9 C11H13ISi
2-Iodobenzyl chloride 2-Iodobenzyl chloride 59473-45-9 C7H6ClI
1,3-CYCLOHEPTADIENE 1,3-CYCLOHEPTADIENE 4054-38-0 C7H10
PERFLUOROALLYLBENZENE PERFLUOROALLYLBENZENE 67899-41-6 C9F10
N-ALLYLCYCLOPENTYLAMINE N-ALLYLCYCLOPENTYLAMINE 55611-39-7 C8H15N
3-BUTENE-1,2-DIOL 3-BUTENE-1,2-DIOL 497-06-3 C4H8O2
Diethylbenzene Diethylbenzene 25340-17-4 C10H14
Acetylene Acetylene 74-86-2 C2H2
PERFLUOROTETRACOSANE PERFLUOROTETRACOSANE 1766-41-2 C24F50
2-(IODOMETHYL)OXETANE 2-(IODOMETHYL)OXETANE 121138-00-9 C4H7IO
1-TERT-BUTYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 1-TERT-BUTYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 3419-66-7 C10H18
2-METHYL-2-HEPTENE 2-METHYL-2-HEPTENE 627-97-4 C8H16
2-IODOOCTANE 2-IODOOCTANE 629-27-6 C8H17I
CIS-3,5-DIHYDROXY-1-CYCLOPENTENE CIS-3,5-DIHYDROXY-1-CYCLOPENTENE 29783-26-4 C5H8O2
2-Nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride 2-Nitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride 56413-75-3 C6H8ClN3O2
Methylcyclopenta-1,3-diene Methylcyclopenta-1,3-diene 26519-91-5 C6H8
1-Methylcyclopropene 1-Methylcyclopropene 3100-04-7 C4H6
2-Phenylazetidine 2-Phenylazetidine 22610-18-0 C9H11N
PENTACHLOROBENZENE PENTACHLOROBENZENE 608-93-5 C6HCl5
1,5-Diiodopentane 1,5-Diiodopentane 628-77-3 C5H10I2
2,4-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 2,4-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 18984-21-9 C8H5Cl2NO2
3-methyloxetane 3-methyloxetane 2167-38-6 C4H8O
1-Ethyl-3,5-difluorobenzene 1-Ethyl-3,5-difluorobenzene 117358-52-8 C8H8F2
n-Butane n-Butane 106-97-8 C4H10
7-TETRADECENE 7-TETRADECENE 41446-63-3 C14H28
2,2'-DINITROBIPHENYL 2,2'-DINITROBIPHENYL 2436-96-6 C12H8N2O4
VINYLCYCLOOCTANE VINYLCYCLOOCTANE 61142-41-4 C10H18
TRANS-2-PENTEN-1-OL TRANS-2-PENTEN-1-OL 1576-96-1 C5H10O
2,3-Difluoro-6-nitroaniline 2,3-Difluoro-6-nitroaniline 211693-73-1 C6H4F2N2O2
1,8-BIS(BROMOMETHYL)NAPHTHALENE 1,8-BIS(BROMOMETHYL)NAPHTHALENE 2025-95-8 C12H10Br2
TRANS,CIS,CIS-1,5,9-CYCLODODECATRIENE TRANS,CIS,CIS-1,5,9-CYCLODODECATRIENE 2765-29-9 C12H18
1-CHLOROANTHRACENE 1-CHLOROANTHRACENE 4985-70-0 C14H9Cl
3,4-Dichlorobenzotrichloride 3,4-Dichlorobenzotrichloride 13014-24-9 C7H3Cl5
HEXACONTANE HEXACONTANE 7667-80-3 C60H122
(S)-4-CHLORO-1,2-EPOXYBUTANE (S)-4-CHLORO-1,2-EPOXYBUTANE 13067-79-3 C4H7ClO
1-Bromoicosane 1-Bromoicosane 4276-49-7 C20H41Br
4-FLUORO-3-IODOTOLUENE 4-FLUORO-3-IODOTOLUENE 452-82-4 C7H6FI
3-VINYLANISOLE  97 3-VINYLANISOLE 97 626-20-0 C9H10O
2-Bromoresorcinol 2-Bromoresorcinol 6751-75-3 C6H5BrO2
2-(BROMOVINYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE 2-(BROMOVINYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE 41309-43-7 C5H11BrSi
3-ETHYL-1-PENTENE 3-ETHYL-1-PENTENE 4038-04-4 C7H14
(2-Chloroethoxy)cyclopropane (2-Chloroethoxy)cyclopropane 17714-18-0 C5H9ClO
Nitrocellulose Nitrocellulose 9004-70-0 C24H36N8O38
Kerosene Kerosene 8008-20-6 N/A
PERFLUORONONANE PERFLUORONONANE 375-96-2 C9F20
METHALLYLCYCLOPENTANE METHALLYLCYCLOPENTANE C9H16
SPIRO[2.4]HEPTA-4,6-DIENE SPIRO[2.4]HEPTA-4,6-DIENE 765-46-8 C7H8
3-Aminomethyl-oxetane 3-Aminomethyl-oxetane 6246-05-5 C4H9NO
3-METHOXY-AZETIDINE 3-METHOXY-AZETIDINE 110925-17-2 C4H9NO
5-BROMO-2-NITROBENZONITRILE 5-BROMO-2-NITROBENZONITRILE 89642-50-2 C7H3BrN2O2
1,2-DIBROMOETHYLENE 1,2-DIBROMOETHYLENE 540-49-8 C2H2Br2
1,2-DIBROMO-1,2-DIPHENYLETHANE 1,2-DIBROMO-1,2-DIPHENYLETHANE 13440-24-9 C14H12Br2
1-ETHYNYLCYCLOHEXENE 1-ETHYNYLCYCLOHEXENE 931-49-7 C8H10
2,4-DIBROMOPENTANE 2,4-DIBROMOPENTANE 19398-53-9 C5H10Br2
3-PENTEN-2-OL  96%  PREDOMINANTLY TRANS 3-PENTEN-2-OL 96% PREDOMINANTLY TRANS 3899-34-1 C5H10O
9-IODOPHENANTHRENE 9-IODOPHENANTHRENE 17024-12-3 C14H9I
1-METHYLTHIO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE 1-METHYLTHIO-2,3-EPOXYPROPANE 45378-62-9 C4H8OS
1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 1,2-Dimethylcyclopentane 2452-99-5 C7H14
CYCLOPROPYLPHENYLMETHANE CYCLOPROPYLPHENYLMETHANE 1667-00-1 C10H12
4,4'-DIMETHOXYOCTAFLUOROBIPHENYL 4,4'-DIMETHOXYOCTAFLUOROBIPHENYL 2200-71-7 C14H6F8O2
1-BROMO-2,3,5,6-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-2,3,5,6-TETRAMETHYLBENZENE 1646-53-3 C10H13Br
9,10-DICHLOROANTHRACENE 9,10-DICHLOROANTHRACENE 605-48-1 C14H8Cl2
1-Bromo-1-cyclopentene 1-Bromo-1-cyclopentene 1192-04-7 C5H7Br
HEXACHLOROBENZENE HEXACHLOROBENZENE 118-74-1 C6Cl6
CIS-4-CHLORO-2-BUTENYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE CIS-4-CHLORO-2-BUTENYLAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE 7153-66-4 C4H9Cl2N
3-(CHLOROMETHYL)PENTANE 3-(CHLOROMETHYL)PENTANE 4737-41-1 C6H13Cl
3-ethoxyazetidine 3-ethoxyazetidine 88536-21-4 C5H11NO
1,1,2-TRIBROMOETHANE 1,1,2-TRIBROMOETHANE 78-74-0 C2H3Br3
4-NITROPHTHALOXIME 4-NITROPHTHALOXIME 105969-98-0 C8H4N2O5
1-CHLORO-4-PHENYLBUTANE 1-CHLORO-4-PHENYLBUTANE 4830-93-7 C10H13Cl
NONATRIACONTANE NONATRIACONTANE 7194-86-7 C39H80
1-BROMO-2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 1-BROMO-2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE 6627-78-7 C11H9Br
ALPHA-HCH ALPHA-HCH 319-84-6 C6H6Cl6
2-BROMODODECANE 2-BROMODODECANE 13187-99-0 C12H25Br
3-CYCLOHEXENYLTRICHLOROSILANE 3-CYCLOHEXENYLTRICHLOROSILANE 10137-69-6 C6H9Cl3Si
1 2-DIBROMO-4-TERT-BUTYLBENZENE  97 1 2-DIBROMO-4-TERT-BUTYLBENZENE 97 6683-75-6 C10H12Br2
2-IODO-1 3-DIMETHOXYBENZENE  97 2-IODO-1 3-DIMETHOXYBENZENE 97 16932-44-8 C8H9IO2
1-BROMO-4-FLUOROBUTANE 1-BROMO-4-FLUOROBUTANE 462-72-6 C4H8BrF
2-Bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)toluene 2-Bromo-5-(trifluoromethoxy)toluene 261951-96-6 C8H6BrF3O
N-Methyl-L-Prolinol N-Methyl-L-Prolinol 1980-11-5
1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 124-73-2 C2Br2F4
2-BROMOPHENETOLE 2-BROMOPHENETOLE 583-19-7 C8H9BrO
3,4-DICHLORO-1-BUTENE 3,4-DICHLORO-1-BUTENE 760-23-6 C4H6Cl2
2,6-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 2,6-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 120355-50-2 C8H5Cl2NO2
1-IODO-2-METHYLBUTANE 1-IODO-2-METHYLBUTANE 616-14-8 C5H11I
PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRABROMIDE PENTAERYTHRITYL TETRABROMIDE 623-97-2 C5H8Cl2O3
Difluorochloromethane Difluorochloromethane 75-45-6 CHClF2
VINYL(CHLOROMETHYL)DIMETHYLSILANE VINYL(CHLOROMETHYL)DIMETHYLSILANE 16709-86-7 C5H11ClSi
1,2-Dibromotetrafluorobenzene 1,2-Dibromotetrafluorobenzene 827-08-7 C6Br2F4
1-BROMO-2,4,6-TRI-TERT-BUTYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-2,4,6-TRI-TERT-BUTYLBENZENE 3975-77-7 C18H29Br
4-ETHYNYL-1-FLUORO-2-METHYLBENZENE  97 4-ETHYNYL-1-FLUORO-2-METHYLBENZENE 97 351002-93-2 C9H7F
4-ISOPROPYL BENZYL BROMIDE  97 4-ISOPROPYL BENZYL BROMIDE 97 73789-86-3 C10H13Br
2-CHLOROPHENETHYL BROMIDE 2-CHLOROPHENETHYL BROMIDE 16793-91-2 C8H8BrCl
1-PHENYLCYCLOPENTENE 1-PHENYLCYCLOPENTENE 825-54-7 C11H12
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