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Hydrocarbons and derivatives

Hydrocarbon compounds are also known as hydrocarbons. They are compounds only containing two elements, hydrogen and carbon. When their molecular hydrogen atoms are replaced by various kinds of other element atoms or atom groups, we can obtain various kinds of hydrocarbon derivatives. German chemist Schorlemmer had discovered butane and other hydrocarbons, and is thus known as the founder of the hydrocarbon chemistry. There are many types of hydrocarbons with number of hydrocarbons with known structure being over 2,000 kinds. Based on the connecting way of carbon bonds, they are divided into chain hydrocarbon and cyclic hydrocarbon, two types with the former one having its carbon atoms connected in a chain shape. According to the saturation degree of hydrogen atom on valence bonds, they are divided into saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Saturated hydrocarbons are namely alkanes, such as methane, ethane and so on; unsaturated hydrocarbons include olefin and alkynes with representation being ethylene and acetylene. Cyclic hydrocarbon has its intramolecular carbon bonds connected into a closed ring. It includes two kinds, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. There are many similarities between alicyclic hydrocarbons and chain hydrocarbon. General cyclic hydrocarbons are similar to hydrocarbons while cyclic olefin and cyclic alkyne are respectively similar as alkenes and alkynes. Aromatic hydrocarbons mainly refer to hydrocarbons containing benzene ring structure.

Chain hydrocarbon is also known as aliphatic hydrocarbon due to that during the initial study; it was found that oil lipid contained many of these open chain compounds. The naming of alicyclic hydrocarbons is due to its similar nature as aliphatic hydrocarbons. The nature of aromatic hydrocarbon is different from other hydrocarbons while first discovered several compounds are all scented, leading to the name which is still in use today.

Oil, gas and coal are the main source of hydrocarbons. Petroleum refining can give a variety of alkane mixture such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, etc; oil cracking, reforming give various kinds of olefins, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal tar contains various kinds of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, naphthalene, etc.). Many kinds of higher hydrocarbons are presented in plants such as the pigments contained in tomatoes and carrots. The wax of many kinds of plants and animals also contains higher content of alkanes. For example, beeswax contains C27H56 and C31H64; wax of spinach leaves contains C33H68, C35H72, and C37H76; wax of cabbage leaves contains C29H60 and so on. The main component of natural rubber, polyisoprene also belongs to hydrocarbon. An important application of hydrocarbons is being used as fuel and chemical raw materials. Through secondary processing of petroleum, it can give ethylene, propylene, butadiene, benzene, toluene, xylene and naphthalene, and other basic organic industrial raw materials. From these materials, we can further prepare styrene, ethanol, acetone and other chemicals. Re-use of these raw materials can be used for manufacturing of a variety of plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibers and fine chemical products. Hydrocarbons may also be used as food for certain bacteria to utilize with those proteins (oil protein) excreted by these bacteria proteins being applied as feed. The national scale and level of processing and application of hydrocarbons may reflect the extent of economic and technological development of a country.

Hydrocarbon derivative refers to the general term of many kinds of complicated compound derived from hydrocarbon molecules with one or more hydrogen atoms being substituted by other atoms or atoms groups. Compounds derived from halogen substitution are called halogenated hydrocarbon; derived from hydroxy substitution are called alcohols or phenols; derived from carboxy substitution are called carboxylic acids. Ester, acyl halide, acid anhydride, amides, aldehydes, ketones, amines and nitriles, etc. can be considered to be the compounds derived from hydrocarbons with intramolecular hydrogen atoms being substituted by corresponding atoms. During early 19th century, German chemist Schorlemmer, based on years of experimental and theoretical studies, had first defined organic chemistry as chemistry concerning hydrocarbons and their derivatives. This definition is formulated based on the principles of atom combination theory, being more reasonable and advanced than all the previous definitions, thus further being adopted by many chemists. However, the problem is that it doesn’t distinguish the difference between organic and inorganic substances. The definition of Schorlemmer had greatly promoted the development of the theory regarding to the organic chemistry structure. He was the first man who defined organic compound as above scientific classifications, establishing a scientific system. He was the first man who divided organics into aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and further classified aliphatic compounds into hydrocarbons (saturated hydrocarbons and unsaturated hydrocarbons), halocarbons, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and so on.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
1-BROMO-2-ETHYNYLBENZENE 1-BROMO-2-ETHYNYLBENZENE 766-46-1 C8H5Br
1,4-DIBROMOTETRAFLUOROBENZENE 1,4-DIBROMOTETRAFLUOROBENZENE 344-03-6 C6Br2F4
ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE ISOPROPYLCYCLOPENTANE 3875-51-2 C8H16
1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 626-88-0 C6H13Br
1-HYDROXYDICYCLOPENTADIENE 1-HYDROXYDICYCLOPENTADIENE 6814-80-8 C10H12O
1,4,7-TRITHIACYCLONONANE 1,4,7-TRITHIACYCLONONANE 6573-11-1 C6H12S3
4-METHYL-2,3,5,6-TETRAFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 4-METHYL-2,3,5,6-TETRAFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 92814-00-1 C8H5BrF4
2-BROMO-3-CHLORO-1-PROPENE 2-BROMO-3-CHLORO-1-PROPENE 16400-63-8 C3H4BrCl
IODOMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE IODOMETHYLCYCLOPENTANE 27935-87-1 C6H11I
Dimethoxydicyclopentylsilane Dimethoxydicyclopentylsilane 126990-35-0 C12H24O2Si
1-BROMO-3-CHLORO-5-IODOBENZENE 1-BROMO-3-CHLORO-5-IODOBENZENE 13101-40-1 C6H3BrClI
1-BROMO-4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANE 1-BROMO-4-METHYLCYCLOHEXANE 6294-40-2 C7H13Br
4-METHYL-3-NITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 4-METHYL-3-NITROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 65754-26-9 C8H6F3NO2
1-(2-BROMO-ETHYL)-2-METHYL-BENZENE 1-(2-BROMO-ETHYL)-2-METHYL-BENZENE 16793-90-1 C9H11Br
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE 75-35-4 C2H2Cl2
Cyclobutyl chloride Cyclobutyl chloride 1120-57-6 C4H7Cl
N-PENTYLCYCLOPENTANE N-PENTYLCYCLOPENTANE 3741-00-2 C10H20
2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene 2-Chloro-1,4-dimethylbenzene 95-72-7 C8H9Cl
DIBROMODIFLUOROMETHANE DIBROMODIFLUOROMETHANE 75-61-6 CBr2F2
ENDO-TETRAHYDRODICYCLOPENTADIENE ENDO-TETRAHYDRODICYCLOPENTADIENE 2825-83-4 C10H16
N-PROPYLCYCLOPENTANE N-PROPYLCYCLOPENTANE 2040-96-2 C8H16
2-BROMO-2-BUTENE 2-BROMO-2-BUTENE 13294-71-8 C4H7Br
CIS-3-HEPTENE CIS-3-HEPTENE 7642-10-6 C7H14
2-BROMO-1-PHENYLPROPANE 2-BROMO-1-PHENYLPROPANE 2114-39-8 C9H11Br
5-BROMO-2-METHYL-3-NITROBENZOIC ACID 5-BROMO-2-METHYL-3-NITROBENZOIC ACID 107650-20-4 C8H6BrNO4
HEXAKIS(BROMOMETHYL)BENZENE HEXAKIS(BROMOMETHYL)BENZENE 3095-73-6 C12H12Br6
1-methoxycyclohexene 1-methoxycyclohexene 931-57-7 C7H12O
P,P'-DDD P,P'-DDD 72-54-8 C14H10Cl4
1,1-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE 1,1-DIMETHYLCYCLOHEXANE 590-66-9 C8H16
1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane 76-13-1 C2Cl3F3
1,6-Diiodododecafluorohexane 1,6-Diiodododecafluorohexane 375-80-4 C6F12I2
1-IODOOCTADECANE 1-IODOOCTADECANE 629-93-6 C18H37I
3-(Bromomethyl)biphenyl 3-(Bromomethyl)biphenyl 14704-31-5 C13H11Br
3,3-Dimethylpentane 3,3-Dimethylpentane 562-49-2 C7H16
1-Hydroxymethylbenzocyclobutene 1-Hydroxymethylbenzocyclobutene 15100-35-3 C9H10O
4-Iodo-1,2-dimethylbenzene 4-Iodo-1,2-dimethylbenzene 31599-61-8 C8H9I
N-DECYLCYCLOHEXANE N-DECYLCYCLOHEXANE 1795-16-0 C16H32
ALPHA,ALPHA,ALPHA',ALPHA'-TETRABROMO-M-XYLENE ALPHA,ALPHA,ALPHA',ALPHA'-TETRABROMO-M-XYLENE 36323-28-1 C8H6Br4
3,4,5-TRIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 3,4,5-TRIFLUOROBENZYL BROMIDE 220141-72-0 C7H4BrF3
Methyl bromide Methyl bromide 74-83-9 CH3Br
PERFLUORO(METHYLCYCLOPENTANE) PERFLUORO(METHYLCYCLOPENTANE) 1805-22-7 C6F12
4-BROMO-2,3,5,6-TETRAFLUOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 4-BROMO-2,3,5,6-TETRAFLUOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE 17823-46-0 C7BrF7
METHYLENECYCLOBUTANE METHYLENECYCLOBUTANE 1120-56-5 C5H8
1,6-DIIODOHEXANE 1,6-DIIODOHEXANE 629-09-4 C6H12I2
11-BROMO-1-UNDECENE 11-BROMO-1-UNDECENE 7766-50-9 C11H21Br
(CYCLOPENTADIENYLIDENE)TRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANE (CYCLOPENTADIENYLIDENE)TRIPHENYLPHOSPHORANE 29473-30-1 C23H19P
4-(Chloromethyl)biphenyl 4-(Chloromethyl)biphenyl 1667-11-4 C13H11Cl
ETHYLIDENECYCLOPENTANE ETHYLIDENECYCLOPENTANE 2146-37-4 C7H12
4-PHENYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 4-PHENYL-1-CYCLOHEXENE 4994-16-5 C12H14
TRIS(CYCLOHEXYLAMINO)METHYLSILANE TRIS(CYCLOHEXYLAMINO)METHYLSILANE 15901-40-3 C19H39N3Si
2-BROMONONANE 2-BROMONONANE 2216-35-5 C9H19Br
1,3-Difluoro-5-iodobenzene 1,3-Difluoro-5-iodobenzene 2265-91-0 C6H3F2I
Perfluorobutyl iodide Perfluorobutyl iodide 423-39-2 C4F9I
3,5-DI-TERT-BUTYLBENZYL BROMIDE 3,5-DI-TERT-BUTYLBENZYL BROMIDE 62938-08-3 C15H23Br
2,6-Dichloro-Benzotrifluoride 2,6-Dichloro-Benzotrifluoride 104359-35-5 C7H3Cl2F3
1-chloro-3-methyl-5-nitro-benzene 1-chloro-3-methyl-5-nitro-benzene 16582-38-0 C7H6ClNO2
(HYDROXYMETHYL)CYCLOHEPTANE (HYDROXYMETHYL)CYCLOHEPTANE 4448-75-3 C8H16O
1-Methyl-3-oxetanamine 1-Methyl-3-oxetanamine 952182-03-5 C4H9NO
2,6-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 2,6-DICHLORO-OMEGA-NITROSTYRENE 22482-43-5 C8H5Cl2NO2
2,2'-DIBROMO-1,1'-BINAPHTHYL 2,2'-DIBROMO-1,1'-BINAPHTHYL 74866-28-7 C20H12Br2
BETA,2-DINITROSTYRENE BETA,2-DINITROSTYRENE 5670-67-7 C8H6N2O4
1,4-DIIODOOCTAFLUOROBUTANE 1,4-DIIODOOCTAFLUOROBUTANE 375-50-8 C4F8I2
1-ACETYL-1-CYCLOPENTENE 1-ACETYL-1-CYCLOPENTENE 16112-10-0 C7H10O
1-ETHYL-4-IODOBENZENE 1-ETHYL-4-IODOBENZENE 25309-64-2 C8H9I
1,5-DIAZACYCLOOCTANE 1,5-DIAZACYCLOOCTANE 5687-07-0 C6H14N2
(3-CHLOROPROPYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE (3-CHLOROPROPYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE 2344-83-4 C6H15ClSi
(2-BROMOPHENYLETHYNYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE (2-BROMOPHENYLETHYNYL)TRIMETHYLSILANE 38274-16-7 C11H13BrSi
1-ETHYNYL-2.4-DIFLUOROBENZENE  97 1-ETHYNYL-2.4-DIFLUOROBENZENE 97 302912-34-1 C8H4F2
1,4,7,10-TETRATHIACYCLODODECANE 1,4,7,10-TETRATHIACYCLODODECANE 25423-56-7 C8H16S4
3-CHLORO-2-FLUOROIODOBENZENE 3-CHLORO-2-FLUOROIODOBENZENE 72373-82-1 C6H3ClFI
1,11-DIBROMOUNDECANE 1,11-DIBROMOUNDECANE 16696-65-4 C11H22Br2
1-CHLORO-4-IODOBUTANE 1-CHLORO-4-IODOBUTANE 10297-05-9 C4H8ClI
CYCLOHEXYLDIMETHYLSILANE CYCLOHEXYLDIMETHYLSILANE 29681-56-9 C8H18Si
6-METHYL-3-CYCLOHEXENE-1-METHANOL 6-METHYL-3-CYCLOHEXENE-1-METHANOL 5259-31-4 C8H14O
2-BROMOMETHYL-OXETANE 2-BROMOMETHYL-OXETANE 939759-23-6 C4H7BrO
2-BROMO-PROPENAL 2-BROMO-PROPENAL 14925-39-4 C3H3BrO
Dichloroethane Dichloroethane 1300-21-6 C2H4Cl2
4-BROMO-3-IODOTOLUENE 4-BROMO-3-IODOTOLUENE 858841-53-9 C7H6BrI
Benzenesulfonyl chloride, 5-fluoro-2-methoxy- (9CI) Benzenesulfonyl chloride, 5-fluoro-2-methoxy- (9CI) 67475-56-3 C7H6ClFO3S
3-BROMO-1,1,1-TRICHLOROPROPANE 3-BROMO-1,1,1-TRICHLOROPROPANE 13749-37-6 C3H4BrCl3
1-CHLORO-2-OCTYNE 1-CHLORO-2-OCTYNE 51575-83-8 C8H13Cl
VINYLBENZYL ALCOHOL VINYLBENZYL ALCOHOL 42273-76-7 C9H10O
1,2-DICHLOROBUTANE 1,2-DICHLOROBUTANE 616-21-7 C4H8Cl2
nitro cyclobutane nitro cyclobutane 2625-41-4 C4H7NO2
3-Bromo-3-buten-1-ol 3-Bromo-3-buten-1-ol 76334-36-6 C4H7BrO
Cyclohexylethyldimethoxysilane Cyclohexylethyldimethoxysilane 131390-30-2 C10H22O2Si
2-METHYL-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)IODOBENZENE 2-METHYL-4-(TRIFLUOROMETHOXY)IODOBENZENE 886763-05-9 C8H6F3IO
1-(2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL)ETHAN-1-ONE 1-(2-CHLORO-4-NITROPHENYL)ETHAN-1-ONE 67818-41-1 C8H6ClNO3
POLY(PHENYLSILSESQUIOXANE) POLY(PHENYLSILSESQUIOXANE) 70131-69-0
DICYCLOPENTENYL ALCOHOL DICYCLOPENTENYL ALCOHOL 27137-33-3 C10H14O
TRIMETHYL(PENTAFLUOROPHENYL)SILANE TRIMETHYL(PENTAFLUOROPHENYL)SILANE 1206-46-8 C9H9F5Si
(TRIMETHYLSILYL)CYCLOPENTADIENE, MIXTURE OF ISOMERS (TRIMETHYLSILYL)CYCLOPENTADIENE, MIXTURE OF ISOMERS 25134-15-0 C13H24Si
Chloromethane Chloromethane 74-87-3 CH3Cl
2,4-DIBROMOMESITYLENE 2,4-DIBROMOMESITYLENE 6942-99-0 C9H10Br2
6-Chlorohex-1-ene 6-Chlorohex-1-ene 928-89-2 C6H11Cl
PENTACHLOROCYCLOPROPANE PENTACHLOROCYCLOPROPANE 6262-51-7 C3HCl5
1,3-DIBROMO-1-PROPENE 1,3-DIBROMO-1-PROPENE 627-15-6 C3H4Br2
1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene 1,3,5-Trichloro-2,4,6-trifluorobenzene 319-88-0 C6Cl3F3
Chloropentafluorobenzene Chloropentafluorobenzene 344-07-0 C6ClF5
1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 1,2,3,4-Tetrachlorobenzene 634-66-2 C6H2Cl4
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