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polymer

Polymer is the product made of the polymerization reaction of monomer. Molecule should have repetitive structural units. Polymer of low molecular weight is called as low polymer (or oligomer) such as trioxymethylene. Polymer of high-molecular weight, up to thousands or even millions is called as high polymer or high-molecule compound. There are two types of high polymers including natural products and artificially synthetic product. Natural polymer such as protein is the polymers of amino acids while the starch and cellulose are the polymers (polysaccharides) of cyclic polyhydroxy, also known as biopolymers. Most of them are biodegradable and may cause short-term water BOD increment. It can also cause decomposition to generate pollutants such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and methane under anaerobic conditions, but will not cause long-term environmental impact. There are many types of synthetic polymers with their products having wide application. Related products include polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene plastics, resins, polyester and rubber. They are non-biodegradable substance. Long-term existence in the environment can cause a huge amount of garbage waste, among which the plasticizer will be evaporated out to pollute the environment, affecting human health at the same time. The monomers of polymer are mostly derived from petroleum, many of which are toxic and harmful substances, such as vinyl chloride which is a carcinogen. Nowadays, people are developing various polymer-containing oxide, peroxide-containing compounds and carbonyl-containing compounds. The polymer, under the sunlight photolysis, will be converted to low molecular weight organic compounds and further become harmless bio-degradable substance without contaminating the environment.

High molecular polymer is a compound consisting of one or several major structural units connecting with each other by covalent bond, also known polymers, high-molecule compound, macromolecular compounds and the like. E.g., polyethylene [-CH2-CH2-] n, Nylon 6 [-NH (CH2) 5CO-] n, whose structural units are respectively-CH2-CH2-, -NH (CH2) 5CO- with the polymerization degree being n.

Because of the high molecular weight (usually 104 to 106), it displays a number of special properties, such as relatively refractory soluble, or insoluble; swelling before being dissolved; much higher solution viscosity than a solution of equal concentration of small molecules; it has great intermolecular forces with usually exhibiting as only viscous liquid or solid form, not able to subject to gasification; the solid has a certain mechanical strength and can be subject to snagging and drawing.

The polymer is consists of a lot of macromolecular polymer chains of varying lengths, this feature is called the polydispersity of the molecular weight. We can use the distribution of the molecule weight to describe its polydispersity. The commonly referred molecular weight of the polymer is the average molecular weight of the polymer. Depending on the different statistical averaging method, there is number average molecular weight [equal to the total mass of the polymer (in g unit) divided by the total amount of the contained molecules of various molecule weights to represent Mm], weight average molecular weight (equal to the sum of the multiply of the molecules of various molecule weight and their corresponding molecular weight, expressed in Mm) and so on. Mm / Mm is called as polydispersity index, used to measure the width of the molecular weight distribution. The greater, the polydispersity index, the wider the molecular weight distribution will be and the greater the degree of dispersion.

The properties of polymers are still largely determined by the shape of the molecular chain. Depending on the shape of the molecular chain, it can be divided into linear, ball-type, network type and body-type, several structures.

The atoms of the main chain in the linear-structure polymer are often arranged in the shape of a long chain and the main chain is connected with in more or less amount of branches of varying lengths. When the polymer of such structure is heated, they tend to be melted, but also be soluble in certain organic solvents, having the probability of forming a crystal and can be oriented artificially. As some small amounts of branched-chain contained in increases the molecular spacing, the structure becomes loose, thereby reducing mechanical strength but increasing the solubility and plasticity. Common polymers belonging to this type include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and rubber.

The main chain of the ball-shape-structure polymer is also in long chain shape but with a large number of branches surrounding the main chain, making the molecule become globular. Its strength and elasticity is as high as that of the linear structure with no significant melting point but with excellent solubility. Phenolic resins, urea-formaldehyde resin which are the intermediate of reactions both belong to such structures.

The main chain of the high polymer of network structure is also in long chain shape, but has the bonds cross-linked, forming mesh-shape. It does not undergo melting at high temperatures but can be softened to have plasticity; it is not dissolved in an organic solvent but can swell, i.e. vulcanized rubber belongs to such type of polymer.

The high polymer of body structure has the long-chain as the main chain, being formed through the crosslink with many other molecules in three-dimensional space. However, during the process of polymerization of monomers, it can also be gradually formed through stepwise cross-linking.

The polymer of body structure is hard and brittle and can neither be melted in the high temperature nor do have plasticity. It can’t be dissolved in an organic solvent. The final products of phenol, aldehyde amine, epoxy and polyester, etc. all belong to this structure.
We can make classification for the polymer from different perspectives. According to the property and purpose, it can be divided into chemical fiber, plastics, rubber, paint and adhesives; According to the name of the synthetic reaction, it can be divided into addition polymer (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.), condensation polymers (such as polyesters, polyamides etc.), ring-opening polymer (e.g., polyether, etc.); according to the source, it can be divided into natural polymers (e.g. starch, cellulose, etc.), synthetic polymers (e.g. vinyl polymers, etc.), semi-synthetic polymers (e.g. acetic acid cellulose and so on); according to the elements of the main chain, it can be divide into carbon-chain polymer (the main chain is mainly composed of carbon atoms), hetero chain polymer (the main chain contains, in addition to carbon atoms, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other hetero atoms as well), element-organic polymer (main chain mainly composed of boron, silicon, aluminum, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus atoms, but side-chain consists of organic groups such as methyl, ethyl, etc.); according to the application functions, it can be divided into general polymer, functional polymer and so on.

The major index of the polymers include strength, hardness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, solvent resistance, light transmittance, and air tightness as well as electrically insulating properties. Density of the polymer is small, being much smaller than that of steel of the same volume; some of them are conductive, magnetic, and some are high temperature resistant, low temperature resistant and radiation resistant; some have excellent air tightness, transparency and so on. It has been widely used in medical, electrical conductivity, heat resistance, construction, packaging materials, plastic and some other fields.
The method of producing a polymer include bulk polymerization (including melt polymerization, referring to that monomer undergoes polymerization upon the action of light, heat and radiation without other media), solution polymerization (polymerization of monomer, initiator dissolved in an appropriate solution), emulsion (under the action of emulsifier and agitation, have the monomer be dispersed in water to form emulsion liquid to have polymerization), suspended polymerization (under the action of stirring and a dispersing agent, a monomer is dispersed into monomer droplets for being suspended in water for polymerization), etc., according to different requirements, we can apply different polymerization methods.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER STYRENE MALEIC ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER 31959-78-1 (C8H8.C5H6O4.C4H2O3)x
POLY(1-DECENE) POLY(1-DECENE) 68037-01-4 [CH2CH[(CH2)7CH3]]n
Benzenesulfonic acid, dimethyl-, polymer with formaldehyde, sodium salt Benzenesulfonic acid, dimethyl-, polymer with formaldehyde, sodium salt 70788-40-8 C9H12NaO4S
HYDROXYLATED ACRYLIC RESIN HYDROXYLATED ACRYLIC RESIN
PEG-15 COCOPOLYAMINE PEG-15 COCOPOLYAMINE 68584-77-0 (C12H27N.C6H17N3.C3H5ClO.(C2H4O)nH2O)x
STYRENE/ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER STYRENE/ACRYLAMIDE COPOLYMER 24981-13-3 C11H13NO
PPG-3 METHYL ETHER PPG-3 METHYL ETHER 37286-64-9 C7H16O3
THIAMPHENICOL THIAMPHENICOL 2393-92-2 C14H18Cl2N2O6S
AMBERLITE(R) IRA-35 AMBERLITE(R) IRA-35 76930-03-5
POLY(METHYLSTYRENE-CO-INDENE) POLY(METHYLSTYRENE-CO-INDENE) 69430-35-9 (C45H78)n
FURFURYL ALCOHOL RESIN FURFURYL ALCOHOL RESIN 25212-86-6 C5H6O2
 Imidazole-epichlorohydrin copolymer Imidazole-epichlorohydrin copolymer 68797-57-9 C6H9ClN2O
POLY(ISOBUTYLENE-ALT-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE) POLY(ISOBUTYLENE-ALT-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE) 26426-80-2 C8H10O3
POLY(1-VINYLPYRROLIDONE)-GRAFT-(1-TRIACONTENE) POLY(1-VINYLPYRROLIDONE)-GRAFT-(1-TRIACONTENE) 136445-69-7
FORMYL POLYSTYRENE RESIN FORMYL POLYSTYRENE RESIN 55279-75-9 C7H5OR
Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) Poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) 9003-06-9 C6H9NO3
Poly(Bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) glycidyl end-capped Poly(Bisphenol A-co-epichlorohydrin) glycidyl end-capped 25036-25-3 C36H40O6
POLY(DIMETHYLAMINE-CO-EPICHLOROHYDRIN) POLY(DIMETHYLAMINE-CO-EPICHLOROHYDRIN) 25988-97-0 C5H12ClNO
Epoxy resin I Epoxy resin I
Poly(vinyl stearyl ether) Poly(vinyl stearyl ether) 9003-96-7 C20H40O
VP/EICOSENE COPOLYMER VP/EICOSENE COPOLYMER 28211-18-9 C26H49NO
POLYGLYCOLIDE POLYGLYCOLIDE 26124-68-5 C2H4O3
POLY(VINYL ACETATE-CO-CROTONIC ACID) POLY(VINYL ACETATE-CO-CROTONIC ACID) 25609-89-6 C8H12O4
POLY(ACRYLONITRILE-CO-VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-CO-METHYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(ACRYLONITRILE-CO-VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE-CO-METHYL METHACRYLATE) 25214-39-5 C10H13Cl2NO2
POLY(4-METHYL-1-PENTENE) POLY(4-METHYL-1-PENTENE) 25068-26-2 C6H12
Trimethylolpropane propoxylate triacrylate Trimethylolpropane propoxylate triacrylate 53879-54-2 [H2C=CHCO2(C3H6O)nCH2]3CC2H5
3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione homopolymer 3,6-Dimethyl-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione homopolymer 26680-10-4 C6H8O4
vinyl function,phenyl resin vinyl function,phenyl resin
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE ETHOXYLATE TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE ETHOXYLATE 50586-59-9 (C2H4O)n(C2H4O)n(C2H4O)nC6H14O
2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester, polymer with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate and methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, butyl ester, polymer with 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate and methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate 24938-16-7 C21H37NO6
Formaldehyde, polymer with 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol Formaldehyde, polymer with 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol 26678-93-3 C15H24O2
ETHYLENE/ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER ETHYLENE/ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER 9010-86-0 C21H36O6X2
POLY(HEXADECYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(HEXADECYL METHACRYLATE) 25986-80-5 C20H38O2
POLY(UREA-CO-FORMALDEHYDE), BUTYLATED POLY(UREA-CO-FORMALDEHYDE), BUTYLATED 68002-19-7 C2H6N2O2
POLY(STYRENE-CO-MALEIC ACID), PARTIAL ISOBUTYL ESTER POLY(STYRENE-CO-MALEIC ACID), PARTIAL ISOBUTYL ESTER 28571-95-1 C16H20O4
CUCURBIT(8)URIL CUCURBIT(8)URIL 259886-51-6 C48H48N32O16
POLY(ISOBUTYL VINYL ETHER) POLY(ISOBUTYL VINYL ETHER) 9003-44-5 C6H12O
POLY(CYCLOHEXYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(CYCLOHEXYL METHACRYLATE) 25768-50-7 C10H16O2
Polyquaternium-33 Polyquaternium-33 69418-26-4 C11H21ClN2O3
POLYQUATERNIUM-1 POLYQUATERNIUM-1 75345-27-6 C33H70N5O6X2.5Cl
TBBPA carbonate oligomer BC52 TBBPA carbonate oligomer BC52 94334-64-2 C22H18Br4Cl2O4
POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE) 9010-88-2 C10H16O4
VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE LATEX VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE LATEX 9002-85-1 C2H2Cl2
POLYMETHACRYLATE POLYMETHACRYLATE 25087-26-7 C4H6O2
CT-8 Resin CT-8 Resin
Epoxy embedding medium
		
	Epoxy embedding medium O**
POLYSTYRENE-BLOCK-POLY(ETHYLENE-RAN-BUTYLENE)-BLOCK-POLYSTYRENE POLYSTYRENE-BLOCK-POLY(ETHYLENE-RAN-BUTYLENE)-BLOCK-POLYSTYRENE 66070-58-4 C12H14
Methyl vinyl MQ resin Methyl vinyl MQ resin
POLY(MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-ALT-1-OCTADECENE) POLY(MALEIC ANHYDRIDE-ALT-1-OCTADECENE) 25266-02-8 C66H114O9X2
CASTOR OIL GLYCIDYL ETHER CASTOR OIL GLYCIDYL ETHER 74398-71-3 (C66H116O12)x
ELEMI GUM ELEMI GUM 9000-75-3
NYLON 12 NYLON 12 25038-74-8 C36H69N3O3X2
POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-GLYCIDYL METHACRYLATE) 26061-90-5 C9H14O3
DI(PROPYLENE GLYCOL) TERT-BUTYL ETHER DI(PROPYLENE GLYCOL) TERT-BUTYL ETHER 132739-31-2 C10H22O3
POLY(1,6-HEXANEDIOL/NEOPENTYL GLYCOL-ALT-ADIPIC ACID) POLY(1,6-HEXANEDIOL/NEOPENTYL GLYCOL-ALT-ADIPIC ACID) 25214-14-6 C17H36O8
POLY(OCTADECYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(OCTADECYL METHACRYLATE) 25639-21-8 C22H42O2
POLY(D,L-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) POLY(D,L-LACTIDE-CO-GLYCOLIDE) 26780-50-7 C10H12O8
TRI(PROPYLENE GLYCOL) PROPYL ETHER TRI(PROPYLENE GLYCOL) PROPYL ETHER 96077-04-2 C12H26O4
Mayosperse 60 Mayosperse 60 31075-24-8 C10H24Cl2N2O
Release agent No.8 Release agent No.8
ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE COPOLYMER ACRYLONITRILE/BUTADIENE COPOLYMER 9003-18-3 C7H9N
POLY(METHYL VINYL ETHER-ALT-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE), CROSS-LINKED WITH 1,9-DECADIENE POLY(METHYL VINYL ETHER-ALT-MALEIC ANHYDRIDE), CROSS-LINKED WITH 1,9-DECADIENE 136392-67-1 C17H26O4
POLY(DIALLYL PHTHALATE) POLY(DIALLYL PHTHALATE) 25053-15-0 C14H14O4
BIOPOL BIOPOL 29435-48-1 (C4H8O3)x
POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) (N) MONOMETHACRYLATE POLY(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) (N) MONOMETHACRYLATE 25736-86-1 C24H46O12
RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN RESORCINOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESIN 24969-11-7 C7H8O3
Styrene-indene resin Styrene-indene resin
POLY(PROPYLENE-CO-ETHYLENE) POLY(PROPYLENE-CO-ETHYLENE) 9010-79-1 (C3H6.C2H4)x
FEMA 2501 FEMA 2501 8023-91-4
Medioresil Medioresil 40957-99-1 C21H24O7
Liquid Terpene Resin Liquid Terpene Resin
Organosilicone resin Microspheres Organosilicone resin Microspheres
POLY(2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE) POLY(2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE) 9003-77-4 C11H20O2
Butyl acrylate resin Butyl acrylate resin 9003-49-0 C7H12O2
POLY(VINYL METHYL KETONE) POLY(VINYL METHYL KETONE) 25038-87-3 C4H6O
INDOLE RESIN, 1% DVB; 0.7-1.4 MMOL/G; 100-200 MESH INDOLE RESIN, 1% DVB; 0.7-1.4 MMOL/G; 100-200 MESH
Poly-tert-butylphenoldisulfide Poly-tert-butylphenoldisulfide 60303-68-6 C10H14Cl2OS2
Insoluble sulfur Insoluble sulfur 9035-99-8 S
Methacrylic acid, polymer with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate Methacrylic acid, polymer with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate 25035-69-2 C16H26O6
POLYHYDROXYSTEARIC ACID POLYHYDROXYSTEARIC ACID 27924-99-8 C18H36O3
DEA-C8-18 PERFLUOROALKYLETHYL PHOSPHATE DEA-C8-18 PERFLUOROALKYLETHYL PHOSPHATE 65530-63-4 C11H28F3N2O8P
Polyacrylic resin Ⅱ Polyacrylic resin Ⅱ
Merrifield resin Merrifield resin
Chelating resin Chelating resin
POLY(N-BUTYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(N-BUTYL METHACRYLATE) 9003-63-8 C8H14O2
POLY(1-DECENE) POLY(1-DECENE) 68649-12-7 [CH2CH[(CH2)7CH3]]n
AMBERLITE IRA-404 AMBERLITE IRA-404 149146-26-9
Polyoxirane-2,3-dicarboxylic  acid Polyoxirane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 51274-37-4 C4H4O5
POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID) POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID) 9010-77-9 C15H24O6X2
Polycarbonate Polycarbonate 25037-45-0 C16H18O5
POLYETHYLENEIMINE POLYETHYLENEIMINE 26658-46-8 C4H9NO
MELAMINE RESIN MELAMINE RESIN 9003-08-1 C4H8N6O
POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID-CO-ACRYLONITRILE) POLY(2-ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-PROPANESULFONIC ACID-CO-ACRYLONITRILE) 54640-82-3 C10H16N2O4S
POLY(VINYL ACETATE-CO-BUTYL MALEATE-CO-ISOBORNYL ACRYLATE) POLY(VINYL ACETATE-CO-BUTYL MALEATE-CO-ISOBORNYL ACRYLATE) 136392-68-2 C29H46O8
POLYSULFONE POLYSULFONE 25154-01-2 (C15H16O2.C12H8Cl2O2S)x
Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) Poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) 25067-34-9 C4H8O
POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) POLY(2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) 25249-16-5 C6H10O3
POLY(METHYLENE-CO-GUANIDINE), HYDROCHLORIDE POLY(METHYLENE-CO-GUANIDINE), HYDROCHLORIDE 55295-98-2 C3H8ClN5O
POLY(MELAMINE-CO-FORMALDEHYDE), BUTYLATED POLY(MELAMINE-CO-FORMALDEHYDE), BUTYLATED 68002-25-5 C4H8N6O
POLYETHYLENE, CHLORINATED POLYETHYLENE, CHLORINATED 64754-90-1
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