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polymer

Polymer is the product made of the polymerization reaction of monomer. Molecule should have repetitive structural units. Polymer of low molecular weight is called as low polymer (or oligomer) such as trioxymethylene. Polymer of high-molecular weight, up to thousands or even millions is called as high polymer or high-molecule compound. There are two types of high polymers including natural products and artificially synthetic product. Natural polymer such as protein is the polymers of amino acids while the starch and cellulose are the polymers (polysaccharides) of cyclic polyhydroxy, also known as biopolymers. Most of them are biodegradable and may cause short-term water BOD increment. It can also cause decomposition to generate pollutants such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and methane under anaerobic conditions, but will not cause long-term environmental impact. There are many types of synthetic polymers with their products having wide application. Related products include polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene plastics, resins, polyester and rubber. They are non-biodegradable substance. Long-term existence in the environment can cause a huge amount of garbage waste, among which the plasticizer will be evaporated out to pollute the environment, affecting human health at the same time. The monomers of polymer are mostly derived from petroleum, many of which are toxic and harmful substances, such as vinyl chloride which is a carcinogen. Nowadays, people are developing various polymer-containing oxide, peroxide-containing compounds and carbonyl-containing compounds. The polymer, under the sunlight photolysis, will be converted to low molecular weight organic compounds and further become harmless bio-degradable substance without contaminating the environment.

High molecular polymer is a compound consisting of one or several major structural units connecting with each other by covalent bond, also known polymers, high-molecule compound, macromolecular compounds and the like. E.g., polyethylene [-CH2-CH2-] n, Nylon 6 [-NH (CH2) 5CO-] n, whose structural units are respectively-CH2-CH2-, -NH (CH2) 5CO- with the polymerization degree being n.

Because of the high molecular weight (usually 104 to 106), it displays a number of special properties, such as relatively refractory soluble, or insoluble; swelling before being dissolved; much higher solution viscosity than a solution of equal concentration of small molecules; it has great intermolecular forces with usually exhibiting as only viscous liquid or solid form, not able to subject to gasification; the solid has a certain mechanical strength and can be subject to snagging and drawing.

The polymer is consists of a lot of macromolecular polymer chains of varying lengths, this feature is called the polydispersity of the molecular weight. We can use the distribution of the molecule weight to describe its polydispersity. The commonly referred molecular weight of the polymer is the average molecular weight of the polymer. Depending on the different statistical averaging method, there is number average molecular weight [equal to the total mass of the polymer (in g unit) divided by the total amount of the contained molecules of various molecule weights to represent Mm], weight average molecular weight (equal to the sum of the multiply of the molecules of various molecule weight and their corresponding molecular weight, expressed in Mm) and so on. Mm / Mm is called as polydispersity index, used to measure the width of the molecular weight distribution. The greater, the polydispersity index, the wider the molecular weight distribution will be and the greater the degree of dispersion.

The properties of polymers are still largely determined by the shape of the molecular chain. Depending on the shape of the molecular chain, it can be divided into linear, ball-type, network type and body-type, several structures.

The atoms of the main chain in the linear-structure polymer are often arranged in the shape of a long chain and the main chain is connected with in more or less amount of branches of varying lengths. When the polymer of such structure is heated, they tend to be melted, but also be soluble in certain organic solvents, having the probability of forming a crystal and can be oriented artificially. As some small amounts of branched-chain contained in increases the molecular spacing, the structure becomes loose, thereby reducing mechanical strength but increasing the solubility and plasticity. Common polymers belonging to this type include polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride and rubber.

The main chain of the ball-shape-structure polymer is also in long chain shape but with a large number of branches surrounding the main chain, making the molecule become globular. Its strength and elasticity is as high as that of the linear structure with no significant melting point but with excellent solubility. Phenolic resins, urea-formaldehyde resin which are the intermediate of reactions both belong to such structures.

The main chain of the high polymer of network structure is also in long chain shape, but has the bonds cross-linked, forming mesh-shape. It does not undergo melting at high temperatures but can be softened to have plasticity; it is not dissolved in an organic solvent but can swell, i.e. vulcanized rubber belongs to such type of polymer.

The high polymer of body structure has the long-chain as the main chain, being formed through the crosslink with many other molecules in three-dimensional space. However, during the process of polymerization of monomers, it can also be gradually formed through stepwise cross-linking.

The polymer of body structure is hard and brittle and can neither be melted in the high temperature nor do have plasticity. It can’t be dissolved in an organic solvent. The final products of phenol, aldehyde amine, epoxy and polyester, etc. all belong to this structure.
We can make classification for the polymer from different perspectives. According to the property and purpose, it can be divided into chemical fiber, plastics, rubber, paint and adhesives; According to the name of the synthetic reaction, it can be divided into addition polymer (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.), condensation polymers (such as polyesters, polyamides etc.), ring-opening polymer (e.g., polyether, etc.); according to the source, it can be divided into natural polymers (e.g. starch, cellulose, etc.), synthetic polymers (e.g. vinyl polymers, etc.), semi-synthetic polymers (e.g. acetic acid cellulose and so on); according to the elements of the main chain, it can be divide into carbon-chain polymer (the main chain is mainly composed of carbon atoms), hetero chain polymer (the main chain contains, in addition to carbon atoms, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and other hetero atoms as well), element-organic polymer (main chain mainly composed of boron, silicon, aluminum, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus atoms, but side-chain consists of organic groups such as methyl, ethyl, etc.); according to the application functions, it can be divided into general polymer, functional polymer and so on.

The major index of the polymers include strength, hardness, heat resistance, corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, solvent resistance, light transmittance, and air tightness as well as electrically insulating properties. Density of the polymer is small, being much smaller than that of steel of the same volume; some of them are conductive, magnetic, and some are high temperature resistant, low temperature resistant and radiation resistant; some have excellent air tightness, transparency and so on. It has been widely used in medical, electrical conductivity, heat resistance, construction, packaging materials, plastic and some other fields.
The method of producing a polymer include bulk polymerization (including melt polymerization, referring to that monomer undergoes polymerization upon the action of light, heat and radiation without other media), solution polymerization (polymerization of monomer, initiator dissolved in an appropriate solution), emulsion (under the action of emulsifier and agitation, have the monomer be dispersed in water to form emulsion liquid to have polymerization), suspended polymerization (under the action of stirring and a dispersing agent, a monomer is dispersed into monomer droplets for being suspended in water for polymerization), etc., according to different requirements, we can apply different polymerization methods.

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Structure Chemical Name CAS MF
mPEG25-N3 mPEG25-N3
mPEG-STA mPEG-STA
OH-PEG48-OH OH-PEG48-OH
PLA(5K)-PEG-NH2 PLA(5K)-PEG-NH2
SC-PEG-MTA SC-PEG-MTA
STA-PEG-Mal STA-PEG-Mal
Tocopherol-PEG-Mal Tocopherol-PEG-Mal
POLYOXYETHYLENE 10 TRIDECYL ETHER POLYOXYETHYLENE 10 TRIDECYL ETHER 78330-21-9 C13H27(OCH2CH2)nOH,n~12
FITC-PEG-OPSS FITC-PEG-OPSS
Α-azido-Ω-mercapto polyethylene glycol Α-azido-Ω-mercapto polyethylene glycol
mPEG-SA(mPEG-Succinic acid) mPEG-SA(mPEG-Succinic acid)
mPEG-VS(mPEG-Vinyl sulfone) mPEG-VS(mPEG-Vinyl sulfone)
Iodoacetyl-PEG-Biotin Iodoacetyl-PEG-Biotin
DSPE-PEG-Silane DSPE-PEG-Silane
FITC-PEG-NHS FITC-PEG-NHS
S-acetyl-PEG4-Propargyl S-acetyl-PEG4-Propargyl 1422540-88-2 C13H22O5S
ALPHA,OMEGA-BIS(PROPIONIC ACID) DODECAE(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) ALPHA,OMEGA-BIS(PROPIONIC ACID) DODECAE(ETHYLENE GLYCOL) 892155-64-5 C30H58O17
Tetrazine PEG Maleimide Tetrazine PEG Maleimide
CELLULOSE CELLULOSE 9012-19-5 (C6H10O5)n
(3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-N-(15-oxo-3,6,9,12-tetraoxa-16-azanonadec-18-yn-1-yl)-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanamide (3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-N-(15-oxo-3,6,9,12-tetraoxa-16-azanonadec-18-yn-1-yl)-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanamide 1006592-45-5 C24H40N4O7S
α-Allyl-ω-succiniMidyl poly(ethylene glycol) α-Allyl-ω-succiniMidyl poly(ethylene glycol)
α-ForMyl-ω-hydroxyl poly(ethylene glycol) α-ForMyl-ω-hydroxyl poly(ethylene glycol)
Polyaniline Polyaniline 25233-30-1 C6H7N
Br-PEG-OH Br-PEG-OH
Silane-PEG-SH Silane-PEG-SH
4-ArmPEG-(3COOH-1NH2) 4-ArmPEG-(3COOH-1NH2)
Acetylthio-PEG-NH2 Acetylthio-PEG-NH2
Biotin-PEG-FA Biotin-PEG-FA
CLS-PEG-CHO CLS-PEG-CHO
FITC-PEG-SC FITC-PEG-SC
Lysine PEG Lysine Lysine PEG Lysine
DMPE PEG NBD DMPE PEG NBD
Monoethoxylsilane-PEG-Biotin Monoethoxylsilane-PEG-Biotin
CHO-PEG12-COOH CHO-PEG12-COOH
8-Arm PEG-ACA 8-Arm PEG-ACA
LA-PEG-OH LA-PEG-OH
Fmoc-NH-PEG-Mal Fmoc-NH-PEG-Mal
Silane-PEG-OH Silane-PEG-OH
Carbomer Carbomer 9007-20-9 C15H17ClO3
VINYLMETHYLSILOXANE - DIMETHYLSILOXANE COPOLYMERS, TRIMETHYLSILOXY TERMINATED VINYLMETHYLSILOXANE - DIMETHYLSILOXANE COPOLYMERS, TRIMETHYLSILOXY TERMINATED 67762-94-1 C5H14OSi2
FA-PEG2-N3 FA-PEG2-N3
SH-PEG7-COOH SH-PEG7-COOH
3-ArmPEG-(1Silane-2Biotin) 3-ArmPEG-(1Silane-2Biotin)
Biotin-PEG-SS Biotin-PEG-SS
PLGA(5K)-PEG-OH PLGA(5K)-PEG-OH
Py-PEG-FA Py-PEG-FA
OPSS-PEG-ACA OPSS-PEG-ACA
DPPE-PEG-Mal DPPE-PEG-Mal
mPEG-Cy5 mPEG-Cy5
mPEG-PEHA mPEG-PEHA
PLGA(2K)-PEG-NH2 PLGA(2K)-PEG-NH2
BenzylGuanine-PEG-NH2 BenzylGuanine-PEG-NH2
Cy3-PEG-NH2 Cy3-PEG-NH2
SH-PEG3-NH2.HCl SH-PEG3-NH2.HCl
 	Silyl Acrylate Self-polishing Resin Silyl Acrylate Self-polishing Resin
O-(3-Carboxypropyl)-O'-[2-(3-MercaptopropionylaMino)ethyl]-polyethylene glycol Mw 5000 O-(3-Carboxypropyl)-O'-[2-(3-MercaptopropionylaMino)ethyl]-polyethylene glycol Mw 5000 1220112-75-3
NH2-PEG-Galactose NH2-PEG-Galactose
MAL-PEG-Palmitic acid MAL-PEG-Palmitic acid
Ph-PEG-Ph Ph-PEG-Ph
PLGA(5K)-PEG-COOH PLGA(5K)-PEG-COOH
PLGA(8K)-PEG-COOH PLGA(8K)-PEG-COOH
SH-PEG-SG SH-PEG-SG
VE-PEG-NH2 VE-PEG-NH2
TCO-PEG3-FITC TCO-PEG3-FITC
Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine Thalidomide-O-PEG4-amine 2401832-00-4 C23H31N3O9
Thalidomide-O-PEG4-Propargyl Thalidomide-O-PEG4-Propargyl 2098799-77-8 C24H28N2O9
Fmoc-Lys-PEG8-OH Fmoc-Lys-PEG8-OH
4-ArmPEG-(2OH-2COOH) 4-ArmPEG-(2OH-2COOH)
COOH-PEG-Tretinoin COOH-PEG-Tretinoin
Monoethoxylsilane-PEG-SC Monoethoxylsilane-PEG-SC
Alkyne-PEG-Silane Alkyne-PEG-Silane
DBCO-PEG-SVA DBCO-PEG-SVA
PLGA(5K)-PEG-SH PLGA(5K)-PEG-SH
8-ArmPEG-(7Arm-OCH3,1ARrm-SH) 8-ArmPEG-(7Arm-OCH3,1ARrm-SH)
NH2-PEG-Retinoic acid NH2-PEG-Retinoic acid
COOH-PEG-N+Me3 COOH-PEG-N+Me3
Palmitic acid-PEG-NH2 Palmitic acid-PEG-NH2
m-PEG-Aminooxy m-PEG-Aminooxy
m-PEG-CH2COOH m-PEG-CH2COOH
Resin acids and Rosin acids, maleated, esters with glycerol Resin acids and Rosin acids, maleated, esters with glycerol 94581-16-5
SH-PEG4-NH2·HCl SH-PEG4-NH2·HCl
teflon wax teflon wax
alpha,omega-Di-succinimidyl ester poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-MW 10.000 Dalton) alpha,omega-Di-succinimidyl ester poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG-MW 10.000 Dalton) C20H26N4O11
O-(2-CARBOXYETHYL)POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL O-(2-CARBOXYETHYL)POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL 117786-94-4 H(OCH2CH2)nCH2CH2COOH
O-[2-(Biotinyl-amino)ethyl]-Oμ-(2-carboxyethyl)polyethylene  glycol  3000 O-[2-(Biotinyl-amino)ethyl]-Oμ-(2-carboxyethyl)polyethylene glycol 3000 948595-11-7 (C2H4O)nC15H25N3O5S
Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt Carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt 9085-26-1 C8H16NaO8
MPEG-CH2CH2COOH MPEG-CH2CH2COOH
Alkyne-PEG-N3 Alkyne-PEG-N3
Alkyne-PEG-OH Alkyne-PEG-OH
SH-PEG-COOH SH-PEG-COOH
1H-Imidazole polymer with 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane and morpholine 1H-Imidazole polymer with 2-(chloromethyl)oxirane and morpholine 109882-76-0 C10H18ClN3O2
Polyethylene glycol-G-azido Polyethylene glycol-G-azido
Polyethylene glycol-G-thiol Polyethylene glycol-G-thiol
Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylphenylsiloxane) Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylphenylsiloxane) 63148-52-7 C21H24O3Si3X2
Silane-PEG-COOH Silane-PEG-COOH
Monostearin-PEG-COOH Monostearin-PEG-COOH
Glutamic Acid PEG Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid PEG Glutamic Acid
Vitamin D PEG NH2 Vitamin D PEG NH2
mPEG Tetrazine mPEG Tetrazine
Biotin-PEG3-CH2COOH Biotin-PEG3-CH2COOH 1189560-96-0 C18H31N3O7S
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