Hydrogenchlorid Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSES KOMPRIMIERTES FLüSSIGGAS MIT STECHENDEM GERUCH.
PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN
Das Gas ist schwerer als Luft.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Starke S?ure in w?ssriger L?sung. Reagiert sehr heftig mit Basen. ?tzend. Reagiert sehr heftig mit Oxidationsmitteln. Greift viele Metalle in Gegenwart von Wasser an unter Bildung von brennbarem Gas (Wasserstoff, s.ICSC-Nr. 0001).
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV: 2 ppm; (als STEL, ceiling); Krebskategorie A4 (nicht klassifizierbar als krebserzeugend für den Menschen); (ACGIH 2005).
MAK: 2 ppm 3,0 mg/m?Spitzenbegrenzung: überschreitungsfaktor I(2); Schwangerschaft: Gruppe C; (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Eine gesundheitssch?dliche Konzentration des Gases in der Luft wird beim Entweichen aus dem Beh?lter sehr schnell erreicht.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Schnelle Verdampfung kann zu Erfrierungen führen. Das Gas ver?tzt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. Inhalation hoher Gaskonzentrationen kann zu Lungenentzündung und Lungen?dem mit nachfolgendem Reaktivem Atemwegsfunktionsst?rungssyndrom (RADS) führen (s.Anm.). Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verz?gert ein. ?rztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION
M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf die Lunge. Führt zu chronischer Bronchitis. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf die Z?hne mit nachfolgenden Zahnerosionen.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Belüftung. Gas mit feinem Wassersprühstrahl niederschlagen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabh?ngigem Atemschutzger?t.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R37:Reizt die Atmungsorgane.
R34:Verursacht Ver?tzungen.
R35:Verursacht schwere Ver?tzungen.
R23:Giftig beim Einatmen.
R20:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Einatmen.
R11:Leichtentzündlich.
R67:D?mpfe k?nnen Schl?frigkeit und Benommenheit verursachen.
R66:Wiederholter Kontakt kann zu spr?der oder rissiger Haut führen.
R22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Verschlucken.
R19:Kann explosionsf?hige Peroxide bilden.
R12:Hochentzündlich.
R10:Entzündlich.
R40:Verdacht auf krebserzeugende Wirkung.
R20/22:Gesundheitssch?dlich beim Einatmen und Verschlucken.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S9:Beh?lter an einem gut gelüfteten Ort aufbewahren.
S33:Ma?nahmen gegen elektrostatische Aufladungen treffen.
S29:Nicht in die Kanalisation gelangen lassen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S46:Bei Verschlucken sofort ?rztlichen Rat einholen und Verpackung oder Etikett vorzeigen.
Beschreibung
A water solution of hydrogen chloride of varied concentrations. It
is a clear, colorless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having
a pungent odor. It is miscible with water and with alcohol. Concentrations of hydrochloric acid are expressed in percent by
weight, or may be expressed in Baume degrees (Be0) from
which percentages of hydrochloric acid and specific gravities may
readily be derived. The usually available concentrations are 18°,
20°, 22°, and 23° Be. Concentrations above 13° Be (19.6%) fume
in moist air, lose hydrogen chloride, and create a corrosive atmosphere. Because of these characteristics, suitable precautions must
be observed during sampling and analysis to prevent losses.
Note: Hydrochloric acid is produced by various methods that
might impart trace amounts of organic compounds as impurities.
The manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsible for identifying
the specific organic compounds that are present and for meeting
the requirements for organic compounds. Methods are provided
for their determination. In applying the procedures any necessary
standards should be used to quantitate the organic compounds
present in each specific product.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Hydrochloric acid, or hydrogen chloride, is either a colorless liquid with a pungent odor,
or a colorless to slightly yellow gas that can be shipped as a liquefi ed compressed gas. The
acid is used in the production of fertilizers, dyes, dyestuffs, artifi cial silk, and paint pig-
ments, and in refi ning edible oils and fats. Hydrochloric acid is also used in electroplating,
leather tanning, ore refi ning, soap refi ning, petroleum extraction, and pickling of metals,
and is used in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries. In addition, hydrochloric
acid is used as an antiseptic in toilet bowls against animal pathogenic bacteria, and in food
processing as a starch modifi er.
History
Hydrochloric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that results when the gas hydrogen chloride dissolves
in water.Ancient alchemists prepared hydrochloric acid and Jabbar ibn Hayyan, known
in Latin as Geber (721–815), is credited with its discovery around the year 800. The original
method of preparation involved reacting salt with sulfuric acid, producing sodium hydrogen
sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas. The hydrogen chloride gas is captured and dissolved in
water to produce hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid was formerly called muriatic acid.
Terms such as muriatic and muriate were used in association with chloride substances before
the discovery and nature of chlorine were fully understood. The Latin term muriaticus means
pickled from muri, which is the Latin term for brine. Chlorides were naturally associated with
seawater salt solutions, as chloride is the principal ion in seawater.
Verwenden
Hydrochloric Acid is an acid that is the aqueous solution of hydro-
gen chloride of varying concentrations. it is miscible with water and
with alcohol. it is used as an acidulant and neutralizing agent.
Definition
A colorless fuming liquid
made by adding hydrogen chloride to
water:
HCl(g) + H
2O1. → H
3O
+(aq) + Cl
-(aq)
Dissociation into ions is extensive and
hydrochloric acid shows the typical properties
of a strong acid. It reacts with carbonates
to give carbon dioxide and yields
hydrogen when reacted with all but the
most unreactive metals. Hydrochloric acid
is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs,
and photographic materials. It is also used
to pickle metals, i.e. clean the surface prior
to electroplating. Hydrochloric acid donates
protons with ease and is the strongest
of the hydrohalic acids. The concentrated
acid is oxidized to chlorine by such agents
as potassium manganate(VII) and manganese(
IV) oxide.
Vorbereitung Methode
Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas
produced by a number of methods including: the reaction of sodium
chloride and sulfuric acid; the constituent elements; as a by-product
from the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide; and as a by-product
during the chlorination of hydrocarbons.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Fumes strongly in moist air. Soluble in water with evolution of heat.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Undergoes a very energetic reaction with calcium phosphide [Mellor 8:841(1946-1947)]. Corrosive to metals and tissues and irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Corrodes galvanized or copper-alloy metals (brass, bronze); fittings of stainless steel or mild or cast steel must therefore be used. Reacts with calcium carbide with incandescence [Mellor 5:862(1946-1947]. Absorption on mercuric sulfate becomes violent at 125°C. [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:462(1956)].
Hazard
Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes
and skin. Questionable carcinogen.
Health Hazard
Gas concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm are tolerable for 1 hour. Concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppm are dangerous, even for brief exposures. More severe exposures will result in serious respiratory distress and prolonged exposures will result in death. Mists of hydrochloric acid are considered less harmful than anhydrous hydrochloric acid, because droplets have no dehydrating action. Individuals with respiratory problems and digestive diseases may be adversely affected by low level exposures to the gas or mist.
Brandgefahr
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Containers may explode in heat of fire. At high temperatures, Hydrochloric acid decomposes into hydrogen and chlorine. The following materials should be avoided: Mercuric sulfate -- violent reaction with gaseous hydrochloric acid at 250F. Sodium -- reacts vigorously with gaseous hydrochloric acid. Acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, propiolactone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and vinyl acetate -- increase in temperature and pressure when mixed with hydrochloric acid. Calcium phosphide -- energetic reaction with hydrochloric acid. Silver perchlorate and carbon tetrachloride -- when mixed in combination with hydrochloric acid forms a compound that detonates at 105F. Formaldehyde -- when mixed with hydrochloric acid forms a human carcinogen. Material reacts violently with bases and is corrosive with the generation of heat. Reacts with base metals, forming combustible gas (hydrogen). Reacts violently with strong oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine). Avoid heat; at high temperatures Hydrochloric acid will decompose into hydrogen and chlorine.
Flammability and Explosibility
Noncombustible, but contact with metals may produce highly flammable hydrogen
gas.
Pharmazeutische Anwendungen
Hydrochloric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent, in a variety
of pharmaceutical and food preparations. It may
also be used to prepare dilute hydrochloric acid, which in addition
to its use as an excipient has some therapeutic use, intravenously in
the management of metabolic alkalosis, and orally for the treatment
of achlorhydria.
Industrielle Verwendung
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is soluble in water andis a strong mineral acid made by the action ofsulfuric acid on common salt, or as a byproductof the chlorination of hydrocarbons such asbenzene.HCl is used to some extent in pickling of metal prior to porcelain enameling.
Materials Uses
Piping, valves, and other equipment used in
direct contact with anhydrous hydrogen chloride
should be of stainless steel or of cast or mild
steel. Carbon steel may be used in some components,
but only if their temperature is controlled
to remain below about 265°F (l29°C). In
the presence of moisture, however, hydrogen
chloride will corrode most metals. Teflon, Kel F
and Hastelloy will resist corrosion.
Smaller sized valves, such as those used on
cylinders, constructed of aluminum-siliconbronze
with Monel stems have had satisfactory
service experience due to frequent maintenance.
The satisfactory extension of these materials to
other applications should be confirmed by testing
prior to use.
Sicherheit(Safety)
When used diluted, at low concentration, hydrochloric acid is not
usually associated with any adverse effects. However, the concentrated
solution is corrosive and can cause severe damage on contact
with the eyes and skin, or if ingested.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 1.4 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 0.9 g/kg
Lager
Splash goggles and rubber gloves should be
worn when handling this acid, and containers of HCl should be stored in a wellventilated
location separated from incompatible metals. Water should never be added
to HCl because splattering may result; always add acid to water. Containers of
hydrochloric acid should be stored in secondary plastic trays to avoid corrosion of
metal storage shelves due to drips or spills.
Cylinders of hydrogen chloride
should be stored in cool, dry locations separated from alkali metals and other
incompatible substances.
l?uterung methode
Pass it through conc H2SO4, then over activated charcoal and silica gel. It fumes in moist air. Hydrogen chloride in gas cylinders contains ethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane and ethyl chloride. The latter two may be removed by fractionating the HCl through a trap cooled to -112o. Ethylene is difficult to remove. HCl fumes in moist air. HARMFUL VAPOURS. Its solubility in H2O is 82% at 0o. A constant boiling aqueous solution (azeotrope) has b 108.6o/760mm with an HCl concentration of ~20%, and is called Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) (see above). [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 280-282 1963.]
Inkompatibilit?ten
Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride react violently with many metals, with the
generation of highly flammable hydrogen gas, which may explode. Reaction with
oxidizers such as permanganates, chlorates, chlorites, and hypochlorites may produce
chlorine or bromine.
Waste disposal
In many localities, hydrochloric acid or the residue from a spill may be disposed of
down the drain after appropriate dilution and neutralization. Otherwise, hydrochloric
acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate
container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal
guidelines. Excess hydrogen chloride in cylinders should be returned to the
manufacturer. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this
volume.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental
solutions; epidural injections; IM, IV, and SC injections; inhalations;
ophthalmic preparations; oral solutions; nasal, otic, rectal, and
topical preparations). Included in parenteral and nonparenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of
Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
Hydrogenchlorid Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
(E)-2-(2-Nitroethenyl)thiophene
2,2'-[(3,3'-Dichlor[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis(azo)]bis[N-(2-methylphenyl)-3-oxobutyramid]
2-Chlorethylchlorformiat
4,6-DIMETHOXYPYRIMIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
1,2,3,4-THIATRIAZOL-5-AMINE
4-Nitrophenylisocyanat
3-Phenoxypropionsure
2-(2-Chlorethoxy)ethanol
Kalium-[2R-(2α,3Z,5α)]-3-(2-hydroxyethyliden)-7-oxo-4-oxa-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan-2-carboxylat
2-Chloro-3,4-diaminopyridine
1,3-Dichlor-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
C^{12^} fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate
(E)-4'-Hydroxy-3'-methoxycinnamsure
4,6-DIMETHYL-2-THIOPYRIMIDINE
tert-Butylferrocene
Ethylendiammoniumdichlorid
2-FLUOROPHENETHYL ALCOHOL
2,4-Dimethoxybenzoesure
Rubber peptizer
1,2,4,5-Tetrafluorbenzol
2-Iodo-6-methylpyridin-3-ol
1H-Benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid
Medroninsure
STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE OCTAHYDRATE
Natrium-6,7-dihydroxynaphthalin-2-sulfonat
7-Hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-benzopyron
4-METHOXY-3-METHYLBENZYL CHLORIDE
Chinuclidinhydrochlorid
4-NITROISOPHTHALIC ACID
4-CARBOXYPHENYL ISOTHIOCYANATE
C.I.Vat Red 29
3-Hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-2,4-dimethylpyridiniumchlorid
N-Naphthylanilin
1,3-Dichlor-5-isocyanatobenzol
1,2-Difluorbenzol
Granisetron Hydrochloride
2-Naphthacencarbonsure-amid, 7-Chlor-4-(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,6,10,12,12a-pentahydroxy-6-methyl-1,11-dioxo-, Monohydrochlorid, [4S-(4α,4aα,5aα,6β,12aα)]-
QUINOXALINE-2,3-DICARBOXYLIC ACID
n-Propylchlorformiat
Norfloxacin Hcl
