塩酸 化學特性,用途語,生産方法
外観
無色澄明の液體無色透明の液體
定義
HClは、塩酸の表示名稱である。本品は次の化學式で表される鉱酸である。
溶解性
水、エタノール等水と混和する有機溶媒と任意の割合で混和する。
解説
HCl(36.46)．塩化アンモニウム，アルカリ金屬あるいはアルカリ土類金屬の塩化物に硫酸を加えて加熱すると得られる．工業(yè)的には，食塩水の電解により生成する塩素と水素を反応させてつくられる．無色の刺激臭のある発煙性の気體．融點－114.2 ℃，沸點－85 ℃．水に易溶(0 ℃，82.3 g/100 g)．水溶液を塩酸という．メタノール，エタノールおよびエーテルに易溶．フッ素とはげしく反応してフッ化水素と塩素とを生じる．多くの金屬と反応し，水素を発生して塩化物を生じる．アルカリ金屬およびアルカリ土類金屬は燃焼する．塩化水素は過酸化水素によって酸化されて塩素を生じ，アンモニアと反応して塩化アンモニウムを生じる．塩酸の製造，塩化ビニル，塩化アルキルの原料などとして広く用いられる．劇物で鼻や眼の粘膜をおかす．吸入は危険．[CAS 7647-01-0]
森北出版「化學辭典（第2版）
用途
有害金屬定量試料の分解及び前処理、pH調製等。
用途
一般分析用試液
用途
大量の酸を用いる試料の前処理、高感度比色分析、臨床試薬、高感度機器分析等。
用途
アミノ酸分析用試料の分解及び前処理、試液調製、pH調整等。
用途
塩基性物質の定量(容量分析)
用途
ICP-MSによる超微量無機物分析用試料の分解、前処理及びpH調整。
用途
ほう素定量用試料の分解及び前処理、pH調整等。
用途
グートツァイト法、原子吸光分析法によるひ素分析用。
用途
汎用試薬、調製液原料。
用途
分析試液、試液調製原料
用途
汎用試薬、調製液原料、有機及び無機合成原料、アルカリ性物質の中和剤。
用途
エッチング用,分析用試薬,醫(yī)薬?農薬?染料?香料?などの原料,食品製造用,排水処理用 、ジクロロエタン原料,染料?香料?醫(yī)薬?農薬?無機薬品製造原料,食品製造用,排水処理
化粧品の成分用途
pH調整剤
効能
酸性化剤
主な用途／役割
ユリア樹脂系接著剤、メラミン樹脂系接著剤、フェノール樹脂系接著剤の觸媒として使用される。
商品名
塩酸 (司生堂製薬); 塩酸 (大成薬品工業(yè)); 塩酸 (小堺製薬); 塩酸 (山善製薬)
使用上の注意
空気中で発煙する。
説明
A water solution of hydrogen chloride of varied concentrations. It
is a clear, colorless or slightly yellowish, corrosive liquid having
a pungent odor. It is miscible with water and with alcohol. Concentrations of hydrochloric acid are expressed in percent by
weight, or may be expressed in Baume degrees (Be0) from
which percentages of hydrochloric acid and specific gravities may
readily be derived. The usually available concentrations are 18°,
20°, 22°, and 23° Be. Concentrations above 13° Be (19.6%) fume
in moist air, lose hydrogen chloride, and create a corrosive atmosphere. Because of these characteristics, suitable precautions must
be observed during sampling and analysis to prevent losses.
Note: Hydrochloric acid is produced by various methods that
might impart trace amounts of organic compounds as impurities.
The manufacturer, vendor, or user is responsible for identifying
the specific organic compounds that are present and for meeting
the requirements for organic compounds. Methods are provided
for their determination. In applying the procedures any necessary
standards should be used to quantitate the organic compounds
present in each specific product.
化學的特性
Hydrochloric acid, or hydrogen chloride, is either a colorless liquid with a pungent odor,
or a colorless to slightly yellow gas that can be shipped as a liquefi ed compressed gas. The
acid is used in the production of fertilizers, dyes, dyestuffs, artifi cial silk, and paint pig-
ments, and in refi ning edible oils and fats. Hydrochloric acid is also used in electroplating,
leather tanning, ore refi ning, soap refi ning, petroleum extraction, and pickling of metals,
and is used in the photographic, textile, and rubber industries. In addition, hydrochloric
acid is used as an antiseptic in toilet bowls against animal pathogenic bacteria, and in food
processing as a starch modifi er.
來歴
Hydrochloric acid is a strong, corrosive acid that results when the gas hydrogen chloride dissolves
in water.Ancient alchemists prepared hydrochloric acid and Jabbar ibn Hayyan, known
in Latin as Geber (721–815), is credited with its discovery around the year 800. The original
method of preparation involved reacting salt with sulfuric acid, producing sodium hydrogen
sulfate and hydrogen chloride gas. The hydrogen chloride gas is captured and dissolved in
water to produce hydrochloric acid. Hydrochloric acid was formerly called muriatic acid.
Terms such as muriatic and muriate were used in association with chloride substances before
the discovery and nature of chlorine were fully understood. The Latin term muriaticus means
pickled from muri, which is the Latin term for brine. Chlorides were naturally associated with
seawater salt solutions, as chloride is the principal ion in seawater.
使用
Hydrochloric Acid is an acid that is the aqueous solution of hydro-
gen chloride of varying concentrations. it is miscible with water and
with alcohol. it is used as an acidulant and neutralizing agent.
定義
A colorless fuming liquid
made by adding hydrogen chloride to
water:
HCl(g) + H
2O1. → H
3O
+(aq) + Cl
-(aq)
Dissociation into ions is extensive and
hydrochloric acid shows the typical properties
of a strong acid. It reacts with carbonates
to give carbon dioxide and yields
hydrogen when reacted with all but the
most unreactive metals. Hydrochloric acid
is used in the manufacture of dyes, drugs,
and photographic materials. It is also used
to pickle metals, i.e. clean the surface prior
to electroplating. Hydrochloric acid donates
protons with ease and is the strongest
of the hydrohalic acids. The concentrated
acid is oxidized to chlorine by such agents
as potassium manganate(VII) and manganese(
IV) oxide.
調製方法
Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas
produced by a number of methods including: the reaction of sodium
chloride and sulfuric acid; the constituent elements; as a by-product
from the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide; and as a by-product
during the chlorination of hydrocarbons.
空気と水の反応
Fumes strongly in moist air. Soluble in water with evolution of heat.
反応プロフィール
ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE is an anhydrous (no water) strong acid. Reacts rapidly and exothermically with bases of all kinds (including amines and amides). Reacts exothermically with carbonates (including limestone and building materials containing limestone) and hydrogen carbonates to generate carbon dioxide. Reacts with sulfides, carbides, borides, and phosphides to generate toxic or flammable gases. Reacts with many metals (including aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, iron, tin and all of the alkali metals) to generate flammable hydrogen gas. Reacts violently with acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, calcium phosphide, chlorosulfonic acid, 1,1-difluoroethylene, ethylenediamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, perchloric acid, b-propiolactone, propylene oxide, silver perchlorate/carbon tetrachloride mixture, sodium hydroxide, uranium(IV) phosphide, vinyl acetate, calcium carbide, rubidium carbide, cesium acetylide, rubidium acetylide, magnesium boride, mercury(II) sulfate [Lewis]. Undergoes a very energetic reaction with calcium phosphide [Mellor 8:841(1946-1947)]. Corrosive to metals and tissues and irritating to the eyes and respiratory system. Corrodes galvanized or copper-alloy metals (brass, bronze); fittings of stainless steel or mild or cast steel must therefore be used. Reacts with calcium carbide with incandescence [Mellor 5:862(1946-1947]. Absorption on mercuric sulfate becomes violent at 125°C. [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:462(1956)].
危険性
Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes
and skin. Questionable carcinogen.
健康ハザード
Gas concentrations of 50 to 100 ppm are tolerable for 1 hour. Concentrations of 1,000 to 2,000 ppm are dangerous, even for brief exposures. More severe exposures will result in serious respiratory distress and prolonged exposures will result in death. Mists of hydrochloric acid are considered less harmful than anhydrous hydrochloric acid, because droplets have no dehydrating action. Individuals with respiratory problems and digestive diseases may be adversely affected by low level exposures to the gas or mist.
火災危険
Fire may produce irritating or poisonous gases. Containers may explode in heat of fire. At high temperatures, Hydrochloric acid decomposes into hydrogen and chlorine. The following materials should be avoided: Mercuric sulfate -- violent reaction with gaseous hydrochloric acid at 250F. Sodium -- reacts vigorously with gaseous hydrochloric acid. Acetic anhydride, 2-aminoethanol, ammonium hydroxide, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene diamine, ethyleneimine, oleum, propiolactone, sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and vinyl acetate -- increase in temperature and pressure when mixed with hydrochloric acid. Calcium phosphide -- energetic reaction with hydrochloric acid. Silver perchlorate and carbon tetrachloride -- when mixed in combination with hydrochloric acid forms a compound that detonates at 105F. Formaldehyde -- when mixed with hydrochloric acid forms a human carcinogen. Material reacts violently with bases and is corrosive with the generation of heat. Reacts with base metals, forming combustible gas (hydrogen). Reacts violently with strong oxidants forming toxic gas (chlorine). Avoid heat; at high temperatures Hydrochloric acid will decompose into hydrogen and chlorine.
燃焼性と爆発性
Noncombustible, but contact with metals may produce highly flammable hydrogen
gas.
化學性質
一般に，塩酸は濃度35％で取り引きされているが，共沸點が20.22％であり，20％以下の濃度の塩酸を蒸発操作で濃縮することはできない。
応用例（製薬）
Hydrochloric acid is widely used as an acidifying agent, in a variety
of pharmaceutical and food preparations. It may
also be used to prepare dilute hydrochloric acid, which in addition
to its use as an excipient has some therapeutic use, intravenously in
the management of metabolic alkalosis, and orally for the treatment
of achlorhydria.
工業(yè)用途
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is soluble in water andis a strong mineral acid made by the action ofsulfuric acid on common salt, or as a byproductof the chlorination of hydrocarbons such asbenzene.HCl is used to some extent in pickling of metal prior to porcelain enameling.
材料の用途
Piping, valves, and other equipment used in
direct contact with anhydrous hydrogen chloride
should be of stainless steel or of cast or mild
steel. Carbon steel may be used in some components,
but only if their temperature is controlled
to remain below about 265°F (l29°C). In
the presence of moisture, however, hydrogen
chloride will corrode most metals. Teflon, Kel F
and Hastelloy will resist corrosion.
Smaller sized valves, such as those used on
cylinders, constructed of aluminum-siliconbronze
with Monel stems have had satisfactory
service experience due to frequent maintenance.
The satisfactory extension of these materials to
other applications should be confirmed by testing
prior to use.
安全性
When used diluted, at low concentration, hydrochloric acid is not
usually associated with any adverse effects. However, the concentrated
solution is corrosive and can cause severe damage on contact
with the eyes and skin, or if ingested.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 1.4 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 0.9 g/kg
貯蔵
Splash goggles and rubber gloves should be
worn when handling this acid, and containers of HCl should be stored in a wellventilated
location separated from incompatible metals. Water should never be added
to HCl because splattering may result; always add acid to water. Containers of
hydrochloric acid should be stored in secondary plastic trays to avoid corrosion of
metal storage shelves due to drips or spills.
Cylinders of hydrogen chloride
should be stored in cool, dry locations separated from alkali metals and other
incompatible substances.
合成方法
塩素と水素の直接反応により生成
純化方法
Pass it through conc H2SO4, then over activated charcoal and silica gel. It fumes in moist air. Hydrogen chloride in gas cylinders contains ethylene, 1,1-dichloroethane and ethyl chloride. The latter two may be removed by fractionating the HCl through a trap cooled to -112o. Ethylene is difficult to remove. HCl fumes in moist air. HARMFUL VAPOURS. Its solubility in H2O is 82% at 0o. A constant boiling aqueous solution (azeotrope) has b 108.6o/760mm with an HCl concentration of ~20%, and is called Hydrochloric acid (muriatic acid) (see above). [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 280-282 1963.]
不和合性
Hydrochloric acid and hydrogen chloride react violently with many metals, with the
generation of highly flammable hydrogen gas, which may explode. Reaction with
oxidizers such as permanganates, chlorates, chlorites, and hypochlorites may produce
chlorine or bromine.
廃棄物の処理
In many localities, hydrochloric acid or the residue from a spill may be disposed of
down the drain after appropriate dilution and neutralization. Otherwise, hydrochloric
acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate
container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal
guidelines. Excess hydrogen chloride in cylinders should be returned to the
manufacturer. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this
volume.
規(guī)制狀況(Regulatory Status)
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental
solutions; epidural injections; IM, IV, and SC injections; inhalations;
ophthalmic preparations; oral solutions; nasal, otic, rectal, and
topical preparations). Included in parenteral and nonparenteral
medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of
Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
參考文獻
A. Trummal, et al., J. Phys. Chem. A, 120, 3663 (2016), DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02253.
塩酸 上流と下流の製品情報
原材料
準備製品
TRANS-2-(2-ニトロビニル)チオフェン
ベンジジン エロー
クロロぎ酸2-クロロエチル
4,6-DIMETHOXYPYRIMIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
1,2,3,4-THIATRIAZOL-5-AMINE
イソシアン酸4-ニトロフェニル
3-フェノキシプロピオン酸
エチレングリコールモノ-2-クロロエチルエーテル
クラブラン酸カリウム標準品
3,4-ジアミノ-2-クロロピリジン
1,3-ジクロロ-5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン
C^{12^} fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ammonium sulfate
trans-フェルラ酸
4,6-DIMETHYL-2-THIOPYRIMIDINE
tert-ブチルフェロセン
エチレンジアミン二塩酸塩
2-(2-フルオロフェニル)エタノール
2,4-ジメトキシ安息香酸
Rubber peptizer
1,2,4,5-テトラフルオロベンゼン
2-ヨード-6-メチルピリジン-3-オール
5-ベンズイミダゾルカルボン酸
メチレンジホスホン酸
塩化ストロンチウム六水和物
6,7-ジヒドロキシナフタレン-2-スルホン酸ナトリウム
ダイゼイン
塩化4-メトキシ-3-メチルベンジル
キヌクリジン 塩酸塩
4-ニトロイソフタル酸
4-イソチオシアナト安息香酸
C.I.Vat Red 29
4-デオキシピリドキシン塩酸塩
N-フェニル-2-ナフチルアミン
イソシアン酸 3,5-ジクロロフェニル
1,2-ジフルオロベンゼン
グラニセトロン·塩酸塩
塩酸クロルテトラサイクリン
QUINOXALINE-2,3-DICARBOXYLIC ACID
クロロぎ酸プロピル
Norfloxacin Hcl