Identification	More
[Name] Silver
[CAS] 7440-22-4
[Synonyms] l3 v9 Ag L-3 E 174 sr999 tcg7r Silber SILVER DK101-3 Silver1 Silver2 Silver3 Silver4 amalgum algaedyn Argentum NPI32101 AG007938 AG007902 AG005160 AG000265 AG000120 AG000240 AG000270 AG007940 AG005816 AG000280 AG005840 AG000170 AG004850 AG000180 AG000401 AG005825 AG000218 AG000450 AG005855 AG000140 AG005105 AG005815 AG000470 AG007945 AG007920 AG000465 AG007150 AG005860 AG005145 AG005110 AG005850 AG000130 AG004500 AG000475 AG000190 AG007400 AG000480 AG007300 AG000500 AG005130 AG007220 AG000410 AG005120 AG005810 AG007928 AG007950 AG007915 AG007325 AG000080 AG000300 AG005220 AG007050 AG005845 AG007912 AG000360 AG000351 metallic AG000070 AG005106 AG000530 AG000466 AG007260 AG007905 AG007130 AG007942 AG007100 AG007251 AG000090 AG004700 AG000260 AG007955 AG000340 AG007910 AG000266 AG007230 AG005170 AG000420 AG000305 AG000220 AG000150 AG000215 AG000400 AG000402 AG005140 AG005856 AG007250 AG005155 AG000350 AG005102 AG007200 AG007350 AG000110 AG000460 AG000160 AG005842 AG006840 AG000100 AG004600 AG000281 AG005150 AG005811 AG000241 AG005104 AG000550 mmSilver silver(0) Argentium silveratom C.I. 77820 C.I. 77870 SILVER, HQ SILVER, LI SILVER FOIL Silver atom Nano-silver Silver slug silflake135 shellsilver SILVER WOOL Shell silver Silver, Hard silpowder130 caswellno735 Silver flake Silver powde SILVER METAL SILVER TUBING Silver powder SilvershotNmm Silverfoilxxmm SilverneedlesN Silver needles metallicsilver Silver, flakes Silver Nanorods Silver solution SILVER CHLORUDE SILVER STANDARD Silver crystals COLLOIDALSILVER SILVERMETAL,SHOT SILVERMETAL,WOOL Silverrod(99.9%) Silver, 1/2 Hard Silver, Annealed Silver nanowires Silver nanofibers Silver wire gauze SILVER ON ALUMINA Silver metal wire SilverpowderNmesh Silverfoil(99.9%) Silvershot(99.9%) Silverwire(99.9%) SILVERMETAL,MOSSY Silber, kolloidal Collosol argentum argentelementaire Silvershot(99.99%) Silver foil50x50mm Silver foil25x25mm Glaze preservative SilverflakeNmicron SILVER PREPARATION SILVER AA STANDARD germany:c-pigment2 SILER METAL POWDER Nano Silver Powder Silver flake powder Silver nanowhiskers Silver, dispersion SILVER ICP STANDARD Silver gauze25x25mm Silver (metal) foil Silverplate(99.95%) Electrolytic silver Silver gauze75x75mm Silver foil50x250mm silver(metaldustand SILVER WOOL, 99.9+% SILVERMETAL,GRANULAR Silver foil150x150mm Nano silver solution Silverpowder(99.95%) SilverwireNmmdiacagm Silver flake (99.9%) SilverpowderNmicrons SilverrodNmmdiacagcm silver powder,sphere Silver foil100x100mm Silver foil100x500mm Silver foil100x300mm SILVER CASTING GRAIN Silver foil150x600mm Silver foil200x200mm Silver foil150x1000mm Silver gauze300x300mm Silver shot (99.999%) Silver (metal) powder Silver, powder, 99.9% SILVER REDUCED POWDER Silver powder, EG2233 Silver gauze150x150mm Antibacterial plastic SILVER ROD: 99.9%, 3N SILVER WIRE: 99.9%, 3N SILVER SHOT: 99.9%, 3N Silverpowder(99.9995%) Silver wire,0.3MM dia. Silver wire,0.5MM dia. Silver wire,1.0MM dia. Silver Granules 2-8 mm Silver shot (99.9999%) Silverneedles(99.999%) BIRON(R) LIQUID SILVER Silver Nanowire（AGNWs） PLATING SOLUTION S-700 PLATING SOLUTION S-900 Silver, Powder 100 Mesh SILVER ICP/DCP STANDARD nanometer silver powder Silver conductive paste 0.01 mmol/l of citrate) Silver(Metal)Wire99.99% SILVER PLATING SOLUTION Silver conducting paste Plastic mould inhibitor Superfine Silver powder SILVER SHOT: 99.99%, 4N SILVER FLAKE: 99.9%, 3N SILVER POWDER: 99.9%, 3N ULTRAFINESILVERPARTICLES Silver sputtering target Silver powder (99.999+%) SILVER STANDARD SOLUTION Silver(Metal)Powder99.9% Silver Exchanged Zealite Silver solution 1000 ppm Silver Spherical powder Silver powder (200 mesh) PLATING SOLUTION S-700EC Silver brazing paste flux TSKgel(R) DEAE-SW Columns Nanometer silver solution Silver (Powder, 2-3.5 μm) Silverfoilmmxmmxmmapproxg Silveronaluminaxmmpellets SilverplateNmmthickcagxcm Silver powder (Cypher 88) Glaze antibacterial agent SILVER PLATE: 99.95%, 3N5 SILVER SHOT: 99.9999%, 6N Silverwire,annealed(99.9%) Silver Rod 7.0 mm diameter Silver Rod 8.0 mm diameter Silver Rod 4.0 mm diameter Silver Rod 5.0 mm diameter Silver solution 10 000 ppm Silverwire0.3mmdia.,99.95% Silver, 99.9% (1ea = 20gr) AMino Silver nanoparticles Silver powder , flake (Ag) Silver powder , sphere (Ag) Silver ISO 9001：2015 REACH Silver Paste DGP80 TESM8020 SILVER, ANALYTICAL STANDARD Silver Rod 10.0 mm diameter Silver Wire 2.5 mm diameter Silver Wire 1.0 mm diameter Silver Wire 0.5 mm diameter Silver Rod 12.5 mm diameter Silver Rod 12.7 mm diameter Silver Wire 0.7 mm diameter Silver Wire 0.1 mm diameter Silver Wire 2.0 mm diameter SILVER NEEDLES: 99.999%, 5N Silver, 99.9% (1ea = 8.2gr) SILVER POWDER: 99.9995%, 5N5 Silver Wire 0.25 mm diameter Silver Powder 0.7-1.2 micron Silver Powder 1.5-2.5 micron SilverwireNannealedmmdiacagm Lead refinery silver bullion SILVER POWDER PRECIPITATED Silver, 99.9% (1ea = 10.4gr) 4-(4-methylphenyl)pentanoate Silver Wire/Dia.0.5mm/99.95% Silver Wire/Dia.1.0mm/99.95% Silver, 99.9% (1ea = 16.5gr) Silver, Powder, -45μm, 99.9% Silver, Powder, -106μm, 99.9% Carboxyl Silver nanoparticles Silver Wire/Dia.2.00mm/99.95% SILVER, AAS STANDARD SOLUTION Silver Wire/Dia.0.05mm/99.99% Silver Wire/Dia.0.10mm/99.99% Silver Wire/Dia.0.25mm/99.95% silver powder for high purity Silver,brazingflux,blackpaste Silver Wire 0.025 mm diameter Silver Wire 0.125 mm diameter SILVER: 99.9%, WIRE, 1MM DIA. SILVER, SHOT, 1-3 MM, 99.99+% Silver, Powder 100 Mesh 99.95% SILVER SINGLE ELEMENT STANDARD silver coating quality balzers epapesticidechemicalcode072501 Silver Wire/Dia.0.025mm/99.99% Silver Wire/Dia.0.050mm/99.99% Silver powder , ball-like (Ag) Silver powder , nanowires (Ag) TSKgel(R) G-DNA-PW HPLC Column Silver@1000 μg/g in Mineral oil Silver@5000 μg/g in Mineral oil SILVER METALLO-ORGANIC STANDARD SILVER PLASMA EMISSION STANDARD SILVER STANDARD SOLUTION 100 ML Silver slug,2MM dia×5MM length. SILVER STANDARD SOLUTION 500 ML Nano silver antibacterial agent SILVER, CODEX FRANCE, COLLOIDAL SILVERMETAL,PRECIPITATED,POWDER SILVER, NANOPOWDER, <150NM, 99% SILVER, SHOT, 1 TO 3MM, 99.9999% SILVER, FOIL, 1.5MM THICK, 99.9% SILVER, FOIL, 1.0MM THICK, 99.9% SILVER WIRE: 99.9%, 3N, ANNEALED SILVER, WIRE, 1.5MM DIAM., 99.9% SILVER, WIRE, 2.0MM DIAM., 99.9% SILVER, FOIL, 2.0MM THICK, 99.9% SILVER, ROD, 3.2MM DIAM., 99.98% SILVER, PLASMA STANDARD SOLUTION SILVER, WIRE, 0.1MM DIAM., 99.9% SILVER, FOIL, 0.1MM THICK, 99.9% Silver rod, 7mm (0.275 in.) dia.
[EINECS(EC#)] 231-131-3
[Molecular Formula] Ag
[MDL Number] MFCD00003397
[Molecular Weight] 107.87
[MOL File] 7440-22-4.mol

Chemical Properties	Back Directory
[Definition] Metallic element, atomic number 47, group IB of the periodic table, aw 107.868, valence of 1, two stable isotopes.
[Appearance] Silver is a white lustrous metal that is extremely ductile and malleable.
[Melting point ] 960 °C(lit.)
[Boiling point ] 2212 °C(lit.)
[density ] 1.135 g/mL at 25 °C
[vapor density ] 5.8 (vs air)
[vapor pressure ] 0.05 ( 20 °C)
[refractive index ] n20/D 1.333
[Fp ] 232 °F
[storage temp. ] 2-8°C
[solubility ] H₂O: soluble
[form ] wool
[color ] Yellow
[Specific Gravity] 10.49
[Odor] Odorless
[Stability:] Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong acids and strong bases, tartaric acid, oxalic acid. Blackened by contact with ozone, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur. Powder is highly flammable.
[Resistivity] 1-3 * 10^-5 Ω-cm (conductive paste) &_& 1.59 μΩ-cm, 20°C
[Water Solubility ] insoluble
[Sensitive ] Light Sensitive
[Merck ] 13,8577
[Exposure limits] TLV-TWA (metal dusts and fumes) 0.1 mg/m³ (ACGIH), 0.01 mg/m³ (MSHA and OSHA), soluble compounds 0.01 mg/m³ (AIGIH).
[History] Slag dumps in Asia Minor and on islands in the Aegean Sea indicate that man learned to separate silver from lead as early as 3000 B.C. Silver occurs native and in ores such as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl); lead, lead-zinc, copper, gold, and copper-nickel ores are principal sources. Mexico, Canada, Peru, and the U.S. are the principal silver producers in the western hemisphere. Silver is also recovered during electrolytic refining of copper. Commercial fine silver contains at least 99.9% silver. Purities of 99.999+% are available commercially. Pure silver has a brilliant white metallic luster. It is a little harder than gold and is very ductile and malleable, being exceeded only by gold and perhaps palladium. Pure silver has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals, and possesses the lowest contact resistance. It is stable in pure air and water, but tarnishes when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulfide, or air containing sulfur. The alloys of silver are important. Sterling silver is used for jewelry, silverware, etc. where appearance is paramount. This alloy contains 92.5% silver, the remainder being copper or some other metal. Silver is of utmost importance in photography, about 30% of the U.S. industrial consumption going into this application. It is used for dental alloys. Silver is used in making solder and brazing alloys, electrical contacts, and high capacity silver–zinc and silver–cadmium batteries. Silver paints are used for making printed circuits. It is used in mirror production and may be deposited on glass or metals by chemical deposition, electrodeposition, or by evaporation. When freshly deposited, it is the best reflector of visible light known, but is rapidly tarnishes and loses much of its reflectance. It is a poor reflector of ultraviolet. Silver fulminate (Ag2C2N2O2), a powerful explosive, is sometimes formed during the silvering process. Silver iodide is used in seeding clouds to produce rain. Silver chloride has interesting optical properties as it can be made transparent; it also is a cement for glass. Silver nitrate, or lunar caustic, the most important silver compound, is used extensively in photography. While silver itself is not considered to be toxic, most of its salts are poisonous. Natural silver contains two stable isotopes. Fifty-six other radioactive isotopes and isomers are known. Silver compounds can be absorbed in the circulatory system and reduced silver deposited in the various tissues of the body. A condition, known as argyria, results with a greyish pigmentation of the skin and mucous membranes. Silver has germicidal effects and kills many lower organisms effectively without harm to higher animals. Silver for centuries has been used traditionally for coinage by many countries of the world. In recent times, however, consumption of silver has at times greatly exceeded the output. In 1939, the price of silver was fixed by the U.S. Treasury at 71￠/troy oz., and at 90.5￠/troy oz. in 1946. In November 1961 the U.S. Treasury suspended sales of nonmonetized silver, and the price stabilized for a time at about $1.29, the melt-down value of silver U.S. coins. The Coinage Act of 1965 authorized a change in the metallic composition of the three U.S. subsidiary denominations to clad or composite type coins. This was the first change in U.S. coinage since the monetary system was established in 1792. Clad dimes and quarters are made of an outer layer of 75% Cu and 25% Ni bonded to a central core of pure Cu. The composition of the oneand five-cent pieces remains unchanged. One-cent coins are 95% Cu and 5% Zn. Five-cent coins are 75% Cu and 25% Ni. Old silver dollars are 90% Ag and 10% Cu. Earlier subsidiary coins of 90% Ag and 10% Cu officially were to circulate alongside the clad coins; however, in practice they have largely disappeared (Gresham’s Law), as the value of the silver is now greater than their exchange value. Silver coins of other countries have largely been replaced with coins made of other metals. On June 24, 1968, the U.S. Government ceased to redeem U.S. Silver Certificates with silver. Since that time, the price of silver has fluctuated widely. As of January 2002, the price of silver was about $4.10/troy oz. (13￠/g); however the price has fluctuated considerably due to market instability. The price of silver in 2001 was only about four times the cost of the metal about 150 years ago. This has largely been caused by Central Banks disposing of some of their silver reserves and the development of more productive mines with better refining methods. Also, silver has been displaced by other metals or processes, such as digital photography.
[Uses] This malleable white metal is found as argentite (Ag2S) and horn silver (AgCl) or in lead and copper ore. Copper plates coated with a thin layer of elemental silver and fumed with iodine were used by Niépce and Daguerre. Aside from the heliograph and physautotype, silver halide compounds were the basis of all photographic processes used in the camera and most of the printing processes during the 19th century.
[CAS DataBase Reference] 7440-22-4(CAS DataBase Reference)
[NIST Chemistry Reference] Silver(7440-22-4)
[EPA Substance Registry System] 7440-22-4(EPA Substance)

Safety Data	Back Directory
[Hazard Codes ] N,Xn,T
[Risk Statements ] R22:Harmful if swallowed. R38:Irritating to the skin. R20/21:Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin . R10:Flammable. R40:Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect. R34:Causes burns. R23/24/25:Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed .
[Safety Statements ] S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice . S24/25:Avoid contact with skin and eyes . S25:Avoid contact with eyes . S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show label where possible) . S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection . S23:Do not breathe gas/fumes/vapor/spray (appropriate wording to be specified by the manufacturer) .
[RIDADR ] UN 3264 8/PG 3
[WGK Germany ] 3
[RTECS ] VW3500000
[F ] 8
[TSCA ] Yes
[HazardClass ] 6.1
[PackingGroup ] III
[HS Code ] 71069110
[Safety Profile] Human systemic effects by inhalation: skin effects. Inhalation of dusts can cause argyrosis. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to flame or by chemical reaction with C2H2, NH3, bromoazide, ClF3 ethyleneimine, H2O2, oxalic acid, H2SO4, tartaric acid. Incompatible with acetylene, acetylene compounds, aziridine, bromine azide, 3-bromopropyne, carboxylic acids, copper + ethylene glycol, electrolytes + zinc, ethanol + nitric acid, ethylene oxide, ethyl hydroperoxide, ethyleneimine, iodoform, nitric acid, ozonides, peroxomonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid. See also POWDERED METALS and SILVER COMPOUNDS.
[Hazardous Substances Data] 7440-22-4(Hazardous Substances Data)
[Toxicity] PEL (OSHA) 0.01 mg/m3 TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 mg/m3 (silver metal) TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.01 mg/m3 (soluble silver compounds, as Ag)
[IDLA] 10 mg Ag/m3

Raw materials And Preparation Products	Back Directory
[Raw materials] SILVER CITRATE-->Silver benzoate-->Silver trifluoroacetate-->Silver acetate
[Preparation Products] Formaldehyde-->Alkyd resin paint-->Silver nitrate-->Silver oxide-->Silver sulfate-->Silver chloride-->DAD-40 conductive adhesive-->zinc-silver storage battery-->DAD-6 conductive adhesive-->DAD-24 adhesive-->DAD-54 conductive adhesive-->Silver carbonate-->Silver cyanide

Hazard Information	Back Directory
[General Description] SILVER(7440-22-4)y metallic solid.
[Reactivity Profile] SILVER reacts violently with chlorine trifluoride (in the presence of carbon) [Mellor 2 Supp. 1 1956]. Bromoazide explodes on contact with silver foil. Acetylene forms an insoluble acetylide with silver [Von Schwartz 1918 p. 142 ]. When silver is treated with nitric acid in the presence of ethyl alcohol, silver fulminate, which can detonated may be formed. Ethyleneimine forms explosive compounds with silver, hence silver solder should not be used to fabricate equipment for handling ethyleneimine. Finely divided silver and strong solutions of hydrogen peroxide may explode [Mellor 1:936 1946-47)]. Incompatible with oxalic acid and tartaric acid [Nav Aer. 09-01-505 1956]. Silver can form explosive salts with azidrine. ("Ethyleneimine" Brocure 125-521-65, Midland (Mich.), Dow Chemical Co., 1965). Ammonia forms explosive compounds with gold, mercury, or silver. (Eggeman, Tim. "Ammonia" Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2001.). Acetylene and ammonia can form explosive silver salts in contact with Ag. (Renner, Hermann, Gunther Schlamp. “Silver, Silver Compounds, and Silver Alloys." Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. 2001.)
[Air & Water Reactions] Insoluble in water.
[Hazard] Toxic material.
[Potential Exposure] Silver may be alloyed with copper, aluminum, cadmium, lead, or antimony. The alloys are used in the manufacture of silverware, jewelry, coins, ornaments, plates, commutators, scientific instruments; automobile bearing; and grids in storage batteries. Silver is used in chromenickel steels, in solders and brazing alloys; in the application of metallic films on glass and ceramics, to increase corrosion resistance to sulfuric acid, in photographic films, plates and paper; as an electroplated undercoating for nickel and chrome; as a bactericide for sterilizing water; fruit juices; vinegar, etc.; in bus bars and windings in electrical plants; in dental amalgams; and as a chemical catalyst in the synthesis of aldehydes. Because of its resistance to acetic and other food acids, it is utilized in the manufacture of pipes, valves, vats, pasteurizing coils and nozzles for the milk, vinegar, cider, brewing, and acetate rayon silk industries.
[Fire Hazard] Dust is flammable.
[First aid] If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not make an unconscious person vomit.
[Incompatibilities] Dust may form explosive mixture with air. Powders are incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides May react and/or form dangerous or explosive compounds, with acetylene, ammonia, halogens, hydrogen peroxide; bromoazide, concentrated or strong acids, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, chlorine trifluoride, ethyleneimine.
[Description] Silver is one of the earliest known metals. Silver has no known physiologic or biologic function, though colloidal silver is widely sold in health food stores. Silver has high thermal and electrical conductivity and resists oxidation in air that is devoid of hydrogen sulfide.
[Waste Disposal] Recovery, wherever possible, in view of economic value of silver. Techniques for silver recovery from photoprocessing and electroplating wastewaters have been developed and patented.
[Physical properties] Silver is located in group 11 (IB) of period 5, between copper (Cu) above it in period 4 andgold (Au) below it in period 6. Thus, silver’s chemical and physical properties are somewhatsimilar to these two group 11 partners.Silver is a soft, while, lustrous metal that can be worked by pounding, drawing througha die, rolling, and so forth. It is only slightly harder than gold. It is insoluble in water, but it will dissolve in hot concentrated acids. Freshly exposed silver has a mirror-like shine thatslowly darkens as a thin coat of tarnish forms on its surface (from the small amount ofnatural hydrogen sulfide in the air to form silver sulfide, AgS). Of all the metals, silver isthe best conductor of heat and electricity. This property determines much of its commercialusefulness. Its melting point is 961.93°C, its boiling point is 2,212°C, and its density is10.50 g/cm³.
[Isotopes] There are 59 isotopes of silver, ranging from Ag-93 to Ag-130 with half-livesfrom a few milliseconds to a few days to 418 years. All but two of these 59 isotopes areradioactive and are produced synthetically. The two stable isotopes found in nature areAg-107 and Ag-109. These two make up 100% of the element’s existence in the Earth’scrust.
[Origin of Name] Silver’s modern chemical symbol (Ag) is derived from its Latin word argentum, which means silver. The word “silver” is from the Anglo-Saxon world “siolfor.” Ancients who first refined and worked with silver used the symbol of a crescent moon to represent the metal.
[Occurrence] Silver is the 66th most abundant element on the Earth, which means it is found at about0.05 ppm in the Earth’s crust. Mining silver requires the movement of many tons of ore torecover small amounts of the metal. Nevertheless, silver is 10 times more abundant than gold.And though silver is sometimes found as a free metal in nature, mostly it is mixed with theores of other metals. When found pure, it is referred to as “native silver.” Silver’s major ores areargentite (silver sulfide, Ag₂S) and horn silver (silver chloride, AgCl). However, most silver isrecovered as a by-product of the refining of copper, lead, gold, and zinc ores. Although silveris mined in many countries, including the United States, Mexico, and Canada, most silver isrecovered from the electrolytic processing of copper ores. Silver can also be recovered throughthe chemical treatment of a variety of ores.
[Characteristics] Silver is somewhat rare and is considered a commercially precious metal with many uses.Pure silver is too soft and usually too expensive for many commercial uses, and thus it isalloyed with other metals, usually copper, making it not only stronger but also less expensive.The purity of silver is expressed in the term “fitness,” which describes the amount of silverin the item. Fitness is just a multiple of 10 times the silver content in an item. For instance,sterling silver should be 93% (or at least 92.5%) pure silver and 7% copper or some othermetal. The fitness rating for pure silver is 1000. Therefore, the rating for sterling silver is 930,and most sliver jewelry is rated at about 800. This is another way of saying that most silverjewelry is about 20% copper or other less valuable metal. Many people are fooled when they buy Mexican or German silver jewelry, thinking theyare purchasing a semiprecious metal. These forms of “silver” jewelry go under many names,including Mexican silver, German silver, Afghan silver, Austrian silver, Brazilian silver, Nevadasilver, Sonara silver, Tyrol silver, Venetian silver, or just the name “silver” with quotes aroundit. None of these jewelry items, under these names or under any other names, contain anysilver. These metals are alloys of copper, nickel, and zinc.
[Health Hazard] The acute toxicity of silver metal is low. The acute toxicity of soluble silver compounds depends on the counterion and must be evaluated case by case. For example, silver nitrate is strongly corrosive and can cause burns and permanent damage to the eyes and skin. Chronic exposure to silver or silver salts can cause a local or generalized darkening of the mucous membranes, skin, and eyes known as argyria. The other chronic effects of silver compounds must be evaluated individually.
[Flammability and Explosibility] Silver and most soluble silver compounds are not combustible. However, silver nitrate and certain other silver compounds are oxidizers and can increase the flammability of combustible materials. Silver acetylide, azide, fulminate, oxalate mixtures, styphnate, tartarate mixtures, and tetrazene are all explosives and must be handled as such.
[Pharmaceutical Applications] The name silver is derived from the Saxon word ‘siloflur’, which has been subsequently transformed into the German word ‘Silabar’ followed by ‘Silber’ and the English word ‘silver’. Romans called the element ‘a(chǎn)rgentum’, and this is where the symbol Ag derives from. Silver is widely distributed in nature. It can be found in its native form and in various ores such as argentite (Ag₂S), which is the most important ore mineral for silver, and horn silver (AgCl). The principal sources of silver are copper, copper–nickel, gold, lead and lead–zinc ores, which can be mainly found in Peru, Mexico, China and Australia. Silver has no known active biological role in the human body, and the levels of Ag⁺ within the body are below detection limits. The metal has been used for thousands of years mainly as ornamental metal or for coins. Furthermore, silver has been used for medicinal purposes since 1000 BC. It was known that water would keep fresh if it was kept in a silver pitcher; for example, Alexander the Great (356–323 BC) used to transport his water supplies in silver pitchers during the Persian War. A piece of silver was also used, for example, to keep milk fresh, before any household refrigeration was developed. In 1869, Ravelin proved that silver in low doses acts as an antimicrobial. Around the same time, the Swiss botanist von N?geli showed that already at very low concentration Ag+ can kill the green algae spirogyra in fresh water. This work inspired the gynaecologist Crede to recommended use of AgNO₃ drops on new born children with conjunctivitis.
[Carcinogenicity] The U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources has extensively monitored published studies on the occupational therapeutic and domestic exposures to metals over many years, but has failed so far to identify unequivocal clinical evidence that silver is carcinogenic to humans under any circumstances. On the basis of human experience and supportive studies in experimental animals, silver is currently classified as a noncarcinogen (62, 94, 141). On occasions patients exposed to silver in antibiotic prostheses and other devices have died from cancer, but in each case the role of silver in the etiology of the malignancies was not proven. It is expected that human contact with any of the radioactive isotopes of silver may lead to local or other carcinogenic changes in humans through the action of the radioactive emissions as have been reported with gold in jewelry. No cases have been seen to date.
[Environmental Fate] Silver is a rare element, which occurs naturally in its pure form. It is a white, lustrous, relatively soft, and very malleable metal. Silver has an average abundance of about 0.1 ppm in the Earth’s crust and about 0.3 ppm in soils. It exists in four oxidation states (0,+1,+2,and +3). Silver occurs primarily as sulfides with iron, lead, tellurides, and with gold. Silver is found in surface waters as sulfide, bicarbonate, or sulfate salts, as part of complex ions with chlorides and sulfates and adsorbed onto particulate matter. Silver is released through natural processes, for example, erosion of soils. Sources of atmospheric contamination arise from processing of ores, steel refining, cement manufacture, fossil fuel combustion, and municipal waste incineration. Of anthropomorphic release, over 75% was estimated to be from disposal of solid waste. Ore smelting and fossil fuel combustion can emit fine particulates that may be transported long distances and deposited with precipitation. The major source of release to surface waters is effluent from photographic processing. Releases from the photographic industry and from disposal of sewage sludge and refuse are the major sources of soil contamination with silver. Silver can leach into groundwater, which can be extenuated in acidic conditions. Silver can bioconcentrate in fish and invertebrates.
[storage] Most silver compounds should be protected from light during storage or while in use.
[Purification Methods] For purification by electrolysis, see Craig et al. [J Res Nat Bur Stand 64A 381 1960]. For purification of crude, or silver residues to pure silver see Glemser & Sauer in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 1028-1030 1963, and for the preparation of colloidal silver see ibid (Ed. Brauer) p 1034.
[Toxicity evaluation] Ag+ is the biologically active form. Silver is not an essential mineral supplement and has no known physiologic function. While specific mechanisms of toxicity are unclear, silver has high affinity for sulfhydryl groups and proteins. The deposition of silver in tissues is the result of precipitation of insoluble silver salts, such as silver chloride and silver phosphate. These insoluble salts appear to be transformed into soluble silver sulfide albuminates; to form complexes with amino or carboxyl groups in RNA, DNA, and proteins; or to be reduced to metallic silver by ascorbic acid or catecholamines. These could lead to alteration of a number of cellular processes.

Material Safety Data Sheet(MSDS)	Back Directory
[msds information] C.I. 77820(7440-22-4).msds

Questions And Answer	Back Directory
[Chemical Properties] The metal silver is described as a white, lustrous solid. In its pure form it has the highest thermal and electrical conductivity and lowest contact resistance of all metals. With the exception of gold, silver is the most malleable metal. Silver (symbol Ag) is one of the basic elements present in the earth's crust. Silver is rare, but occurs naturally in the environment as a soft, “silver”-colored metal or as a white powdery compound (silver nitrate). Metallic silver and silver alloys are used to make jewelry, eating utensils, electronic equipment, and dental fillings. Nanoparticles of silver have been developed into meshes, bandages, and clothing as an antibacterial. Silver is used in photographic materials, electric and electronic products, brazing alloys and solders, electroplated and sterling ware, as a catalyst, and in coinage. Silver is alloyed with many other metals to improve strength and hardness and to achieve corrosion resistance.
[Crystal System] The space lattice of Ag belongs to the cubic system, and its face-centered cubic lattice has a lattice constant of a=0.40705 nm.
[History] Silver is one of the oldest metals, known since ancient times. It is a precious metal worldwide, used in ornaments, coins, and utensils. The symbol Ag for this element is derived from the Latin word, argentum. Silver occurs in nature in native form, commonly associated with gold. It is found in most lead and copper ores. The principal mineral of silver is argentite, Ag2S [1332-04-3]. Some other silver minerals include pyrargyrite, Ag3SbS3 [15123-77-0]; proustite, Ag3AsS3 [15152-58-4]; polybasite, Ag16Sb2S11 [53810-31-4]; cerargyrite, AgCl [14358-96-4]; stephanite, Ag5SbS4 [1302-12-1]; and tetrahedrite, Cu3(AsSb)S3. Abundance of silver in the earth’s crust is estimated to be 0.075 mg/kg and its average concentration in sea water is 0.014 µg/L.
[Uses] Silver and its alloys and compounds have numerous applications. As a precious metal, silver is used in jewelry. Also, one of its alloys, sterling silver, containing 92.5 weight % silver and 7.5 weight % copper, is a jewelry item and is used in tableware and decorative pieces. The metal and its copper alloys are used in coins. Silver-copper brazing alloys and solders have many applications. They are used in automotive radiators, heat exchangers, electrical contacts, steam tubes, coins, and musical instruments. Some other uses of silver metal include its applications as electrodes, catalysts, mirrors, and dental amalgam. Silver is used as a catalyst in oxidation-reductions involving conversions of alcohol to aldehydes, ethylene to ethylene oxide, and ethylene glycol to glyoxal.
[Production Methods] Many processes are known for recovery of silver from its ores. These depend mostly on the nature of the mineral, its silver content, and recovery of other metals present in the ore. A few processes are briefly outlined below. Silver is usually extracted from high-grade ores by three common processes that have been known for many years. These are amalgamation, leaching, and cyanidation. In one amalgamation process, ore is crushed and mixed with sodium chloride, copper sulfate, sulfuric acid, and mercury, and roasted in cast iron pots. The amalgam is separated and washed. Silver is separated from its amalgam by distillation of mercury. In the cyanidation process the ore is crushed and roasted with sodium chloride and then treated with a solution of sodium cyanide. Silver forms a stable silver cyanide complex, [Ag(CN)2]–. Adding metallic zinc to this complex solution precipitates silver. Several leaching processes are known. One such process, known as the Patera process, developed in the mid 19th century, involves roasting ore with sodium chloride followed by leaching with sodium thiosulfate solution. Silver 834 SILVERis precipitated as silver sulfide, Ag2S, by adding sodium sulfide to the leachate. In the Clandot process, leaching is done with ferric chloride solution. Addition of zinc iodide precipitates silver iodide, AgI. AgI is reduced with zinc to obtain silver. The above processes are applied for extraction of silver from high-grade ores. However, with depletion of these ores, many processes were developed subsequently to extract silver from low-grade ores, especially lead, copper, and zinc ores that contain very small quantities of silver. Low grade ores are concentrated by floatation. The concentrates are fed into smelters (copper, lead, and zinc smelters). The concentrates are subjected to various treatments before and after smelting including sintering, calcination, and leaching. Copper concentrates are calcined for removal of sulfur and smelted in a reverberatory furnace to convert into blister copper containing 99 wt% Cu. The blister copper is fire-refined and cast into anodes. The anodes are electrolytically refined in the presence of cathodes containing 99.9% copper. Insoluble anode sludges from electrolytic refining contain silver, gold, and platinum metals. Silver is recovered from the mud by treatment with sulfuric acid. Base metals dissolve in sulfuric acid leaving silver mixed with any gold present in the mud. Silver is separated from gold by electrolysis. Lead and zinc concentrates can be treated in more or less the same manner as copper concentrates. Sintering lead concentrates removes sulfur and following that smelting with coke and flux in a blast furnace forms impure lead bullion. The lead bullion is drossed with air and sulfur and softened with molten bullion in the presence of air to remove most impurities other than silver and gold. Copper is recovered from the dross and zinc converts to its oxide and is recovered from blast furnace slag. The softened lead obtained above also contains some silver. The silver is recovered by the Parkes Process. The Parkes process involves adding zinc to molten lead to dissolve silver at temperatures above the melting point of zinc. On cooling, zinc-silver alloy solidifies, separating from the lead and rising to the top. The alloy is lifted off and zinc is separated from silver by distillation leaving behind metallic silver. The unsoftened lead obtained after the softening operation contains silver in small but significant quantities. Such unsoftened lead is cast into anode and subjected to electrolytic refining. The anode mud that is formed adhering to these anodes is removed by scraping. It contains bismuth, silver, gold, and other impurity metals. Silver is obtained from this anode mud by methods similar to the extraction of anode mud from the copper refining process discussed earlier. If the low–grade ore is a zinc mineral, then zinc concentrate obtained from the flotation process is calcined and leached with water to remove zinc. Silver and lead are left in leach residues. Residues are treated like lead concentrates and fed into lead smelters. Silver is recovered from this lead concentrate by various processes described above.

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[Acros Organics] Silver, shot, 99.9999%, 1-3 mm (1ea = 5gr)(7440-22-4)
[Alfa Aesar] Silver wool, 99.9+% (metals basis)(7440-22-4)
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