Perchlorsure Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSE FLüSSIGKEIT MIT STECHENDEM GERUCH.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation und durch Verschlucken.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Nur ungenügende Angaben vorhanden über die Geschwindigkeit, mit der eine gesundheitssch?dliche Konzentration in der Luft beim Verdampfen bei 20°C erreicht wird.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: ?tzend. Der Dampf ver?tzt stark die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. Inhalation des Dampfes oder Nebels kann zu Lungen?dem führen (s.Anm.). Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verz?gert ein. ?rztliche Beobachtung notwendig.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! NICHT mit S?gemehl oder anderen brennbaren Absorptionsmitteln binden. Ausgelaufene Flüssigkeit mit inertem Material aufnehmen. An sicheren Ort bringen. Reste vorsichtig neutralisieren. NICHT in die Kanalisation spülen. Pers?nliche Schutzausrüstung: Vollschutzanzug mit umgebungsluftunabh?ngigem Atemschutzger?t.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R5:Beim Erw?rmen explosionsf?hig.
R8:Feuergefahr bei Berührung mit brennbaren Stoffen.
R35:Verursacht schwere Ver?tzungen.
R10:Entzündlich.
R34:Verursacht Ver?tzungen.
R36/38:Reizt die Augen und die Haut.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn m?glich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
S36/37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung,Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
HClO4. Farblose, an der Luft rauchende, sehr hygroskopische, stechend riechende Flüssigkeit.
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Die reine Säure explodiert über 75
oC! Explosionsgefahr auch mit leicht oxidierbaren oder wasserentziehenden Substanzen (u.a. Alkohole, Nitrile, Ether). sowie mit Metallen und Holz. Die Umsetzung mit Alkoholen liefert explosive Ester.
Perchlorsäure zerstört als starkes Oxidationsmittel lebendes Gewebe heftig. Inhalation von Dämpfen führt zu Reizzuständen der Luftwege.
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Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Abrauchen in geschlossenen Apparaturen nur in speziellen Abzügen.
Neopren-Schutzhandschuhe (nur als kurzzeitiger Spritzschutz).
Schutzschild aufstellen!
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Verschüttete Flüssigkeit zuerst mit Wasser verdünnen, dann entweder mit viel Wasser in den Ausguß spülen oder mit Adsorptionsmittel (Vermiculite) aufnehmen und als Sondermüll entsorgen.
Nie mit Papier- oder Zellstofftüchern oder Rench-Rapid aufsaugen! Brandgefahr! Assistent verständigen.
Brandbekämpfung auf die Umgebung abstimmen, wenn möglich mit viel Wasser löschen! Assistent verständigen! Atemschutz: Kombinationsfilter ABEK.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Sofort mit viel Wasser abwaschen, abtupfen mit Polyethylenglykol 400 (Bereithalten). Arzt!
Nach Augenkontakt: Mit viel Wasser mindestens 15 Minuten bei geöffnetem Lidspalt ausspülen. Augenarzt
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft. Arzt!
Nach Verschlucken: Viel Wasser trinken, Erbrechen nicht auslösen. Keine Neutralisationsversuche. Sofort Arzt!
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung sofort ausziehen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Perchlorsäure zuerst mit Wasser verdünnen, dann vorsichtig mit NaOH neutralisieren und in den Abfluß geben.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Perchloric acid, HCIO4, also known as Fraude's reagent,is a colorless, fuming,hygroscopic liquid that boils at 16°C(61OF). It is a strong oxidizer and is soluble in water. Cold dilute perchloric acid reacts with metals such as zinc and iron to yield hydrogen gas and the metallic perchlorate. Perchloric acid is used in electrolytic baths, electropolishing, explosives, analytical chemistry, and medicine.
Physikalische Eigenschaften
Perchloric acid, HClO4, is a colorless liquid soluble in
water. It is a strong acid comparable in strength to
sulfuric and nitric acids. It is useful for preparing
perchlorate salts, but it is also dangerously corrosive
and readily forms explosive mixtures. Perchloric acid is produced by the treatment of sodium perchlorate with
sulfuric acid and by the electrochemical oxidation of
aqueous chlorine.
Verwenden
Perchloric acid salts are used as explosivesand in metal plating. They are also used as anoxidizer and as a reagent in chemical analysis. These salts are produced by distillingpotassium chlorate with concentrated H2SO4under reduced pressure..
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A clear colorless odorless aqueous solution. Corrosive to metals and tissue. Closed containers may rupture violently under prolonged exposure to heat.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Water soluble with heat generation.
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
PERCHLORIC ACID is a solution of a strong oxidizing acid. May react vigorously or deflagrate when mixed with oxidizable material [Merck]. This includes (but is not limited to) alcohols, amines, boranes, dicyanogen, hydrazines, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitroalkanes, powdered metals, silanes, or thiols [Bretherick 1979. p.174]. Perchloric acid ignites on contact with sulfinyl chloride. (Bailar, 1973, Vol. 2, 1442).
Health Hazard
Perchloric acid is a highly corrosive substance that causes severe burns on contact with the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. The acute toxicity of perchloric acid is moderate. This substance is a severe irritant to the eyes, mucous membranes, and upper respiratory tract. Perchlorates are irritants to the body wherever they contact it. Perchloric acid has not been shown to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans
Brandgefahr
Perchloric acid is noncombustible. The anhydrous (dehydrated) acid presents a serious explosion hazard. It is unstable and can decompose explosively at ordinary temperatures or in contact with many organic compounds.
Many heavy metal perchlorates and organic perchlorate salts are extremely sensitive explosives; the ammonium, alkali metal, and alkali earth perchlorates are somewhat less hazardous. Mixtures of perchlorates with many oxidizable substances are explosive.
Flammability and Explosibility
Perchloric acid is noncombustible. The anhydrous (dehydrated) acid presents a
serious explosion hazard. It is unstable and can decompose explosively at ordinary
temperatures or in contact with many organic compounds.
Many heavy metal perchlorates and organic perchlorate salts are extremely sensitive
explosives; the ammonium, alkali metal, and alkali earth perchlorates are somewhat
less hazardous. Mixtures of perchlorates with many oxidizable substances are
explosive.
Environmental Fate
Perchloric acid, in the presence of moisture, forms the negatively
charged perchlorate anion. The largest natural deposit of
perchlorate is located in Chile; the origin of the deposit is not
known.
Atmospheric perchlorate may be found near the sites where
it is manufactured and the locations where it is used. Accidental
spills of perchloric acid are another source of airborne
perchlorate. Perchlorate has a low vapor pressure and is not
found in the atmosphere as such; however, airborne particles
are known to be a source of perchlorate. The particles may fall
to the soil or be washed to the soil via rain. Soil particles
containing perchlorate can migrate in air currents or with
surface water or groundwater.
Perchlorate anions are highly mobile in groundwater
because of their charged state and because they adsorb to soil
particles poorly. Perchlorates in groundwater or surface water
are extremely persistent. They are extremely stable under
ambient conditions and tend not to react or degrade. Some
types of anaerobic bacteria are known to biodegrade perchlorate;
however, they are effective only under specific environmental
conditions (high levels of organic carbon and low levels
of oxygen and nitrate). Groundwater extraction is considered
inefficient for the removal of perchlorate.
Plants exposed to perchlorate in the soil moisture can also
take up perchlorate; some types of plants are known to
concentrate perchlorate.
Lager
Splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn when handling perchloric acid,
and containers of the acid should be stored in a well-ventilated location separated from
organic substances and other combustible materials. Work with >85% perchloric acid requires
special precautions and should be carried out only by specially trained personnel.
l?uterung methode
The 72% acid is been purified by double distillation from silver oxide under vacuum: this frees the acid from metal contamination. Distillation at atmospheric pressure is dangerous and explosive. The anhydrous acid is obtained by adding gradually 400-500mL of oleum (20% fuming H2SO4) to 100-120mL of 72% HClO4 in a reaction flask cooled in an ice-bath. The pressure is reduced to 1mm (or less), with the reaction mixture at 20-25o. The temperature is gradually raised during 2hours to 85o; the distillate is collected in a receiver cooled in Dry-ice. For further details of the distillation apparatus see Smith [J Am Chem Soc 75 184 1953]. It is HIGHLY EXPLOSIVE; a strong protective screen should be used at all times. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I pp 318-320 1963.]
Inkompatibilit?ten
Cold 70% perchloric acid is a strong acid but is not considered to be a strong
oxidizing agent; however, more concentrated solutions are good oxidizers.
Temperature increases the oxidizing power of perchloric acid, and hot concentrated
solutions are very dangerous. Evaporation of a spill of the 70% solution may lead to
the formation of more dangerous concentrations. Reaction of 70% perchloric acid
with cellulose materials such as wood, paper, and cotton can produce fires and
explosions. Oxidizable organic compounds including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes,
ethers, and dialkyl sulfoxides can react violently with concentrated perchloric acid.
All perchlorates are potentially hazardous when in contact with reducing agents.
Waste disposal
Excess perchloric acid and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an
appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste
disposal guidelines.
Perchlorsure Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
