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All Prestige Antibodies Powered by Atlas Antibodies are developed and validated by the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) project (www.proteinatlas.org)and as a result, are supported by the most extensive characterization in the industry.

The Human Protein Atlas project can be subdivided into three efforts: Human Tissue Atlas, Cancer Atlas, and Human Cell Atlas. The antibodies that have been generated in support of the Tissue and Cancer Atlas projects have been tested by immunohistochemistry against hundreds of normal and disease tissues and through the recent efforts of the Human Cell Atlas project, many have been characterized by immunofluorescence to map the human proteome not only at the tissue level but now at the subcellular level. These images and the collection of this vast data set can be viewed on the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) site by clicking on the Image Gallery link. To view these protocols and other useful information about Prestige Antibodies and the HPA, visit .

Biochem/physiol Actions

CD81 is a tetraspanin protein belonging to the novel Ig superfamily. It is expressed in several immune cells including T, B, and NK lymphocytes, monocytes, hepatocytes, and most stromal and epithelial cells. It forms a complex with other proteins including CD21, CD19, and CD225 at the time of B cell maturation. Its extracellular loop directly interacts with the extracellular domains of CD19 for CD19 gene expression. In immune system, it controls several activities such as T cell activation, CD3?, ZAP-70, LAT regulation, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, the organization of the immune synapse (IS) and T cell activation. Deficiency of CD81 causes disruption in CD19 complex formation, which further leads to the immunodeficiency diseases such as severe nephropathy and profound hypogammaglobulinemia.

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