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D-tagatose is a carbohydrate occurring in small amounts in several foods. The solubility in water is approximately 580 g/L at room temperature. As a ketohexose, tagatose reacts in foods in browning reactions like other ketohexoses, for example, fructose.
Tagatose is, depending on the concentration, approximately 92 % as sweet as sucrose and noncariogenic. The caloric value of tagatose is generally set to 1.5 kcal/g.
In the European Union, tagatose is approved as a novel food. In the United States, tagatose has GRAS status and it is also approved in many other countries.

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white to off-white crystalline powder

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D-tagatose is a compound useful in organic synthesis.

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Tagatose is obtained from D-galactose by isomerization under alkaline conditions in the presence of calcium.

Pharmaceutical Applications

Tagatose is used as a sweetening agent in beverages, foods, and pharmaceutical applications. A 10% solution of tagatose is about 92% as sweet as a 10% sucrose solution. It is a low-calorie sugar with approximately 38% of the calories of sucrose per gram. It occurs naturally in low levels in milk products. Like other sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose), it is also used as a bulk sweetener, humectant, texturizer, and stabilizer, and may be used in dietetic foods with a low glycemic index.

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D-Tagatose, a ketohexose acts as a low-calorie functional sweetener. Tagatose can be used as a preservative in cosmetic, detergent and pharmaceutical formulations.Tagatose is also used in diet soft drinks, chewing gum, frozen yogurt and non-fat ice cream.
Potential sugar substitute rarely found in nature. Produced using a biotransformation method with L-arabinose isomerase as the biocatalyst and D-galactose as the substrate.

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Some human trials of D-tagatose have found that doses of 30 grams or more cause gastrointestinal side effects like flatulence, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
However, only a minority of people appear to be affected, and mostly only with light to moderate symptom severity.
The GI side effects of D-tagatose seem to be unpleasant but harmless. They’re may be due to osmotic (water-retaining) effects of high D-tagatose doses moving through your intestines.
D-tagatose may interact with some prescription drugs, especially blood sugar lowering drugs, and could cause hypoglycemia (dangerously low blood sugar levels).
And in people with diabetes or a history of kidney stones, temporary rises in uric acid blood levels caused by high dose D-tagatose may be an issue.

Safety

Tagatose is safe for use in food and beverages. It has been used in pharmaceutical products.

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Tagatose is stable under pH conditions typically encountered in foods (pH>3). It is a reducing sugar and undergoes the Maillard reaction.
Tagatose is stable under typical storage conditions. It caramelizes at elevated temperature.

Purification Methods

Crystallise D(-)-tagatose from EtOH/H2O (6:1). It mutarotates from [] 22D +2o (2minutes) to –5.0o (30minutes) (c 4, H2O). The phenylosazone crystallises from aqueous EtOH with m 185-187o(dec), and [] 23D +47o (c 0.82, 2-methoxyethanol). [Totton & Lardy J Am Chem Soc 71 3076 1949, Gorin et al. Canad J Chem 33 1116 1955, Reichestein & Bossard Helv Chem Acta 17 753 1934, Wolfrom & Bennett J Org Chem 30 1284 1965, Beilstein 1 IV 4414.] In D2O at 27o 1H NMR showed the following ratios: -pyranose (79), -pyranose (16), -furanose (1) and -furanose (4) [Angyal Adv Carbohydr Chem 42 15 1984, Angyal & Pickles Aust J Chem 25 1711 1972].

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A Maillard-type condensation reaction is likely to occur between tagatose and compounds with a primary amine group to form brown or yellow-brown colored Amidori compounds. Reducing sugars will also interact with secondary amines to form an imine, but without any accompanying yellow-brown discoloration.

Regulatory Status

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral and rectal solutions).

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