Ammoniumnitrat Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden
ERSCHEINUNGSBILD
FARBLOSER BIS WEISSER, HYGROSKOPISCHER FESTSTOFF IN VERSCHIEDENEN FORMEN.
CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN
Erhitzen kann zu sehr heftiger Verbrennung oder Explosion führen. Zersetzung beim Erhitzen unter Bildung giftiger Rauche (Stickstoffoxide). Starkes Oxidationsmittel. Reagiert mit brennbaren und reduzierenden Stoffen.
ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE
TLV nicht festgelegt (ACGIH 2005).
MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
AUFNAHMEWEGE
Aufnahme in den K?rper durch Inhalation des Aerosols.
INHALATIONSGEFAHREN
Verdampfung bei 20°C vernachl?ssigbar; eine gesundheitssch?dliche Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION
WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION: Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege. M?glich sind Auswirkungen auf das Blut mit nachfolgender Meth?moglobinbildung. ?rztliche Beobachtung notwendig. Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verz?gert ein.
LECKAGE
Gefahrenbereich verlassen! Fachmann zu Rate ziehen! Verschüttetes Material in nichtbrennbaren Beh?ltern sammeln. Reste mit viel Wasser wegspülen.
R-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
R8:Feuergefahr bei Berührung mit brennbaren Stoffen.
R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
R9:Explosionsgefahr bei Mischung mit brennbaren Stoffen.
S-S?tze Betriebsanweisung:
S17:Von brennbaren Stoffen fernhalten.
S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
S37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
S41:Explosions- und Brandgase nicht einatmen.
S16:Von Zündquellen fernhalten - Nicht rauchen.
S15:Vor Hitze schützen.
Aussehen Eigenschaften
Ammoniumnitrat reinst, NH4NO3
Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt
Bezeichnung der Gefahren: Feuergefahr bei Berührung mit brennbaren Stoffen. Explosionsgefahr bei Mischung mit brennbaren Stoffen. Zu vermeidende Stoffe: Stahl, Metalle in Pulverform, Alkalimetalle, Nichtmetalle, Carbide, brennbare Stoffe, Nitrite, Laugen, Säuren, Ammoniumverbindungen, Oxidationsmittel, organische Stoffe, Aluminium in Pulverform, organische Nitroverbindungen, Sulfide, Salze von Halogensauerstoffsäuren, Chlorate. Gefährliche Zersetzungsprodukte: Nitrose Gase, Ammoniak. \R8\ \R9\
LD50 (oral, Ratte): 4820 mg/kg
Toxisch für Wasserorganismen. Gefahr für Trinkwasser. Düngewirkung möglich. Schwach wassergefährdend (WGK 1).
Schutzma?nahmen und Verhaltensregeln
Dicht verschlossen. Trocken. Keine weiteren Anforderungen. \S15\ \S16\
Erforderlich bei Auftreten von Stäuben.
Schutzbrille mit Seitenschutz.
Schutzhandschuhe nur als kurzzeitiger Staub- und Spritzschutz verwenden.
Verhalten im Gefahrfall
Persönliche Maßnahmen: Einatmen von Stäuben vermeiden. Reinigungsverfahren: Trocken aufnehmen. Der Entsorgung zuführen. Nachreinigen.
Geeignete Löschmittel: Wasser Ungeeignete Löschmittel: CO2, Schaum, Pulver.
Substanz selbst ist nicht brennbar aber brandfördernd. Brennbare Stoffe fernhalten. Im Brandfall Entstehung gefährlicher Dämpfe NH
3, NO
x möglich.
Erste Hilfe
Nach Hautkontakt: Mit reichlich Wasser abwaschen.
Nach Augenkontakt: 15 Minuten bei gespreizten Lidern unter fließendem Wasser ausspülen. Augenarzt konsultieren!
Nach Einatmen: Frischluft, ggf. Atemspende oder Gerätebeatmung
Nach Verschlucken: Reichlich Wasser oder Milch trinken. Erbrechen auslösen. Laxans: Natriumsulfat (1 Eßl./ 1/4 l Wasser). Arzt hinzuziehen.
Nach Kleidungskontakt: Kontaminierte Kleidung entfernen.
Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag
Sachgerechte Entsorgung
Falls Recycling nicht möglich, die Substanz zur Sonderabfall蛌erbrennung geben. Auskunft: Hr. Riepl (8884711) od. Hr Uhl für Klinikum (2015557).
Beschreibung
Ammonium nitrate is an oxidizer, which may explode under confinement and high temperatures. When mixed with fuel oil, a deflagrating explosive material is created. Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil were used as the explosive in the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building terrorist attack in Oklahoma City and the first terror attack on the World Trade Center in New York City in the mid-1990s.
Chemische Eigenschaften
Ammonium nitrate,NH4N03, is a colorless crystalline solid existing in two forms, Between 16 and 32°C, the crystals are tetragonal; between 32 and 84 DC, the crystals are rhombic. The melting point of NH4N03 is 169.6 DC, and it decomposes above 210°C. When heated, ammonium nitrate yields nitrous oxide gas. Ammonium nitrate is soluble in water, in acetic acid solutions containing ammonia, is slightly soluble in ethanol, and is moderately soluble in methanol.
Ammonium nitrate is a very insensitive and stable high explosive used as a slow-burning propellant for rockets when compounded with burning rate catalysts. Although the major applications of Ammonium nitrate are explosives and fertilizers, it is also used in insecticides, rust inhibitors, and pyrotechnics.
Verwenden
Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3, also known as “Norway saltpeter”) is mainly used as a fertilizer.
It is also known as the chemical that was mixed with diesel fuel to create the explosion
that demolished the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City in 1995.
Definition
ammonium nitrate: A colourlesscrystalline solid, NH
4NO
3; r.d. 1.72;m.p. 169.6°C; b.p. 210°C. It is verysoluble in water and soluble inethanol. The crystals are rhombicwhen obtained below 32°C andmonoclinic above 32°C. It may bereadily prepared in the laboratory bythe reaction of nitric acid with aqueousammonia. Industrially, it is manufacturedby the same reaction usingammonia gas. Vast quantities of ammoniumnitrate are used as fertilizers(over 20 million tonnes per year)and it is also a component of someexplosives.
Allgemeine Beschreibung
A colorless crystalline solid. Soluble in water. Does not readily burn but will do so if contaminated with combustible material. Accelerates the burning of combustible material. Produces toxic oxides of nitrogen during combustion. Used to make fertilizers and explosives, and as a nutrient in producing antibiotics and yeast.
Air & Water Reaktionen
Water soluble. Hot aqueous solutions of the nitrate above 50% conc., under confinement may decompose explosively. This process is aided catalytically with such substances as nitric acid and chloride ion, [Chem. Abs., 1982, 97, 78074].
Reaktivit?t anzeigen
The hazards of AMMONIUM NITRATE have been well studied because of several extremely severe explosions [Chem. Eng., 1962, 70, 91; Bretherick, 5th Ed., 1995]. Mixtures with alkyl esters may explode, owing to the formation of alkyl nitrates. Mixtures with phosphorus, tin(II) chloride or other reducing agents may react explosively [Bretherick 1979 p. 108-109]. A mixture with aluminum powder (also zinc, cadmium, copper, magnesium, lead, cobalt, nickel, bismuth, chromium, and antimony) can be used as an explosive. A number of explosions in which ammonium nitrate and aluminum were mixed with carbon or hydrocarbons, with or without oxidizing agents have occurred [Mellor 5:219 1946-47]. A mixture with acetic acid ignites when warmed, especially if concentrated [Von Schwartz p. 322 1918]. Causes the decomposition of sodium hypochlorite within a few seconds [Mellor 2 Supp. 1:550 1956].
Hazard
May explode under confinement and high temperatures, but not readily detonated. Ventilate well. To fight fire, use large amounts of water. The material must be kept as cool as possible and removed from confinement and flooded with water in event of fire.
Health Hazard
Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.
Brandgefahr
These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard.
m?gliche Exposition
Used in the manufacture of liquid and
solid fertilizer compositions, industrial explosives and
blasting agents from ammonium nitrate, matches; antibiotics;
in the production of nitrous oxide.
Stoffwechsel
Ammonium Nitrate. Ammonium nitrate is one of the
two leading nitrogen fertilizer materials on a world basis:
10% in 1997. The high N content is advantageous for the
reduction of freight and application costs per unit weight
of nitrogen. The presence of 50% of the nitrogen in the
highly available nitrate form makes it suitable for use
in regions growing crops with a short vegetation period
but has the disadvantage that, because the NO3
? ion is
not adsorbed by soil, it may contribute to relatively large
nitrogen losses by the leaching of increased soil nitrate
into streams and groundwater. Although the application
of any nitrogenous fertilizer results in some degree of soil
acidification, the nitrate form is notably less acidifying
than ammonium sulfate and has a lower tendency for the
loss of nitrogen to the atmosphere as gaseous ammonia.
The hygroscopic character of the crystalline material,
coupled with its explosive nature, contributes to difficult
storage and handling properties and the need for the
production of purified and stabilized forms.
Versand/Shipping
Ammonium nitrate with organic coating:
UN0222 Ammonium nitrate, with . 0.2% combustible
substances, including any organic substance calculated as
carbon, to the exclusion of any other added substance,
Hazard Class: 1D; Labels:1D-Explosive (with a mass
explosion hazard); D-Substances or articles which may mass detonate (with blast and/or fragment hazard) when
exposed to fire. Ammonium nitrate with NO organic coating:
UN1942 Ammonium nitrate, with NOT . 0.2% of
combustible substances, including any organic substance
calculated as carbon, to the exclusion of any other added
substance (also used for fertilizer), Hazard Class: 5.1;
Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer. UN3375 Ammonium nitrate emulsion
or Ammonium nitrate suspension or Ammonium
nitrate gel, intermediate for blasting explosives, Hazard
Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer. UN2072 Ammonium
nitrate fertilizer, n.o.s., doesn’t appear in the 49 CFR
Hazmat Table, refer to UN1942, above). UN2071
Ammonium nitrate based fertilizer, Hazard class: 9;
Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material. UN2426/140
Ammonium nitrate, liquid (hot concentrated solution),
Hazard Class: 5.1; Labels: 5.1-Oxidizer.
l?uterung methode
It is crystallised twice from distilled water (1mL/g) by adding EtOH, or from warm water (0.5mL/g) by cooling in an ice-salt bath. Dry it in air, then under vacuum. After 3 recrystallisations of ACS grade, it contained Li and B at 0.03 and 0.74 ppm, respectively. It is deliquescent. [Early & Lowry J Chem Soc 115 1387 1919, 121 963 1922, Hendricks et al. J Am Chem Soc 54 2766 1932.]
Inkompatibilit?ten
A strong oxidizer. Reducing agents;
combustible materials; organic materials; finely divided
(powdered) metals may form explosive mixtures or cause
fire and explosions. When contaminated with oil, charcoal
or flammable liquids, can be considered an explosive which
can be detonated by combustion or shock.
Waste disposal
Pretreatment involves addition
of sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form the
soluble sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recovered
and sold. After dilution to the permitted provisional
limit, the sodium salt can be discharged into a stream or
sewer.
Ammoniumnitrat Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte
Upstream-Materialien
Downstream Produkte
