| Identification | More | [Name]
Chlorobutanol | [CAS]
57-15-8 | [Synonyms]
1,1,1-TRICHLORO-2-METHYL-2-PROPANOL
2-METHYL-1,1,1-TRICHLORO-2-PROPANOL
2-TRICHLOROMETHYL-2-PROPANOL
ACETONE CHLOROFORM
BETA,BETA,BETA-TRICHLORO-TERT-BUTYL ALCOHOL
CHLORETONE
CHLOROBUTANOL
,,-Trichloro-tert-butylalcohol
.beta.,.beta.,.beta.,-Trichloro-tert.-butanol
1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propano
1,1,1-Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol
1,1,1-trichloro-tert-butylalcohol
2-(Trichloromethyl)propan-2-ol
2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-dimethylethanol
2-methyl-1,1,1-trichloro-2-propano
2-Propanol, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-
2-Propanol, 2-methyl-1,1,1-trichloro-
Acetochlorone
Acetonchloroform
anhydrouschlorobutanol | [EINECS(EC#)]
200-317-6 | [Molecular Formula]
C4H9ClO | [MDL Number]
MFCD00004461 | [Molecular Weight]
108.57 | [MOL File]
57-15-8.mol |
| Chemical Properties | Back Directory | [Appearance]
White or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless crystals, sublimes readily | [Melting point ]
~78 °C
| [Boiling point ]
173 °C | [density ]
1.3170 (estimate) | [Fp ]
>110°C | [storage temp. ]
Sealed in dry,Room Temperature | [solubility ]
Slightly soluble in water, very soluble in ethanol (96 per cent), soluble in glycerol (85 per cent). | [form ]
Solid | [pka]
12.87±0.29(Predicted) | [color ]
Hydrated crystals | [Odor]
camphor odor | [Stability:]
Stable. Generates toxic fumes on combustion. | [Water Solubility ]
8g/L(20 ºC) | [LogP]
2.030 | [CAS DataBase Reference]
57-15-8(CAS DataBase Reference) | [NIST Chemistry Reference]
2-(Trichloromethyl)-2-propanol(57-15-8) | [EPA Substance Registry System]
57-15-8(EPA Substance) |
| Safety Data | Back Directory | [Hazard Codes ]
Xn | [Risk Statements ]
R22:Harmful if swallowed.
R36/37/38:Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin . | [Safety Statements ]
S26:In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice .
S36/37/39:Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection . | [WGK Germany ]
3
| [Safety Profile]
Poison by ingestion. A narcotic. A skin and eye irritant. Mutation data reported. See also CHLORAL HYDRATE, whch acts similarly. Dangerous; can react with oxidizing materials. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also PHOSGENE. | [Hazardous Substances Data]
57-15-8(Hazardous Substances Data) | [Toxicity]
MLD orally in dogs, rabbits (mg/kg): 238, 213 (Impens) |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Hazard]
Action similar to chloral hydrate. Combustible. | [Chemical Properties]
Volatile, colorless or white crystals with a musty, camphoraceous
odor. | [Chemical Properties]
White or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless crystals, sublimes readily | [Originator]
Chlorobutanol,Narchem | [Uses]
Plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers,
preservative for biological fluids and solutions,
antimicrobial agent, anesthetic in dentistry. | [Definition]
ChEBI: Chlorobutanol is a tertiary alcohol. | [Production Methods]
Chlorobutanol is prepared by condensing acetone and chloroform
in the presence of solid potassium hydroxide. | [Manufacturing Process]
33 g (0.59 mol) of powdered potassium hydroxide was added in small
amounts to a solution of 50 g (0.86 mol) of acetone in 100 g (0.84 mol) of
chloroform to form a reaction mixture containing approximately 0.7 mol of
KOH per mol of chloroform. The mixture was chilled to a temperature below
0°C, thoroughly agitated, and than allowed to stand at temperature of about
0°C for 24 hours. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was distilled.
The fraction boiling within the range of 165-175°C was poured into an equal
amount of water to precipitate the 1,1,1-trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol. The
precipitated 1,1,1-trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol was filtered and recrystallized
from an ethanol-water mixture and air dried. The yield of 1,1,1-trichloro-tertbutyl alcohol was 6 g, that is, somewhat less than 4% of the theoretical yield
based on chloroform charged. When calculated on the basis of chloroform
consumed the yield was about 15%. | [Therapeutic Function]
Hypnotic, Anesthetic, Antiseptic, Pharmaceutic aid,
Ophthalmologic | [Synthesis Reference(s)]
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 70, p. 1189, 1948 DOI: 10.1021/ja01183a092 | [Pharmaceutical Applications]
Chlorobutanol is primarily used in ophthalmic or parenteral dosage
forms as an antimicrobial preservative at concentrations up to 0.5%
w/v. It is commonly used as an antibacterial agent for
epinephrine solutions, posterior pituitary extract solutions, and
ophthalmic preparations intended for the treatment of miosis. It is
especially useful as an antibacterial agent in nonaqueous formulations.
Chlorobutanol is also used as a preservative in cosmetics ; as a plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers; and has
been used therapeutically as a mild sedative and local analgesic in
dentistry. | [Safety]
Chlorobutanol is widely used as a preservative in a number of
pharmaceutical formulations, particularly ophthalmic preparations.
Although animal studies have suggested that chlorobutanol
may be harmful to the eye, in practice the widespread use of
chlorobutanol as a preservative in ophthalmic preparations has
been associated with few reports of adverse reactions. A study of the
irritation potential of a local anesthetic on the murine cornea
indicated significant corneal surface damage in the presence of
0.5% w/v chlorobutanol, which may be related to the preservative’s
effective concentration. Reported adverse reactions to chlorobutanol
include: cardiovascular effects following intravenous
administration of heparin sodium injection preserved with chlorobutanol; neurological effects following administration of a
large dose of morphine infusion preserved with chlorobutanol;
and hypersensitivity reactions, although these are regarded as
rare.
The lethal human dose of chlorobutanol is estimated to be
50–500 mg/kg.
LD50 (dog, oral): 0.24 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, oral): 0.99 g/kg
LD50 (rabbit, oral): 0.21 g/kg | [storage]
Chlorobutanol is volatile and readily sublimes. In aqueous solution,
degradation to carbon monoxide, acetone and chloride ion is
catalyzed by hydroxide ions. Stability is good at pH 3 but becomes
progressively worse with increasing pH. The half-life at pH 7.5
for a chlorobutanol solution stored at 258℃ was determined to be
approximately 3 months. In a 0.5% w/v aqueous chlorobutanol
solution at room temperature, chlorobutanol is almost saturated
and may crystallize out of solution if the temperature is reduced.
Losses of chlorobutanol also occur owing to its volatility, with
appreciable amounts being lost during autoclaving; at pH 5 about
30% of chlorobutanol is lost. Porous containers result in losses
from solutions, and polyethylene containers result in rapid loss.
Losses of chlorobutanol during autoclaving in polyethylene
containers may be reduced by pre-autoclaving the containers in a
solution of chlorobutanol; the containers should then be used
immediately. There is also appreciable loss of chlorobutanol
through stoppers in parenteral vials.
The bulk material should be stored in an airtight container at a
temperature of 8–158℃. | [Incompatibilities]
Owing to problems associated with sorption, chlorobutanol is incompatible with plastic vials, rubber stoppers, bentonite, magnesium trisilicate, polyethylene, and polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, which has been used in soft contact lenses. To a lesser extent, carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate 80 reduce antimicrobial activity by sorption or complex formation.
| [Toxics Screening Level]
The ITSL for chlorobutanol has been changed from 0.04 μg/m3 to 0.1 μg/m3 based on an annual averaging time. | [Regulatory Status]
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM, IV, and SC
injection; inhalations; nasal, otic, ophthalmic, and topical preparations).
Labeling must state ‘contains chlorobutanol up to 0.5%.’
Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the
UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal
Ingredients.
In the UK, the maximum concentration of chlorobutanol
permitted for use in cosmetics, other than foams, is 0.5%. It is
not suitable for use in aerosols. |
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