Benefits

Adrenergic effects: Similar to ephedra, Citrus aurantium contains alkaloids that may have 

adrenergic agonist effects, and is often incorporated into supplements claimed to aid in weight 

loss. These alkaloids are believed to primarily be alpha-adrenergic agonists, but may also have 

some beta-adrenergic agonist properties.

Para-synephrine, often referred to as simply synephrine, has been shown to be an alpha-adrenergic 

agonist that may also have beta-adrenergic properties. Para-synephrine occurs naturally in the 

human body in small quantities and may act as a neurotransmitter. Para-synephrine is usually 

indicated under the name oxedrine. Oxedrine is thought to be the primary ingredient in 

Citrus aurantium that produces weight loss, although it has not been firmly established.

Antibacterial effects: Bitter orange preparations are reported to have a variety of antimicrobial 

properties. Based on laboratory study, bitter orange peel oil may have insecticidal activity.

Anti-inflammatory effects: Bitter orange peel may have anti-inflammatory activity, which might 

be due to the flavonoids naringin and nobiletin. Nobiletin suppressed the interleukin 1 (IL-1) 

induced production of proMMP-9/progelatinase B in synovial cells and most effectively suppressed 

proMMP-9 production along with the decrease in its mRNA. Nobiletin also reduced IL-1 induced 

production of PGE2 in the synovial cells, but did not modify the synthesis of total protein.

Antitumor effects: Preliminary research indicates that bitter orange constituents auraptene, 

marmin, tangeretin, nobiretin, and a psoralen compound, might have antitumor effects.

Antiviral effects: Two flavonoids of the bitter orange fruit, neohesperidin and hesperidin, are 

reported to have antiviral activity against rotavirus infection

Cardiovascular effects: In animal models, bitter orange caused vasoconstriction and increased 

mean arterial pressure (MAP), but reduced portal pressure. Synephrine given intravenously in 

men increases systolic blood pressure, but did not increase diastolic blood pressure or heart rate.

Mechanisms 

Poor circulation in the legs (chronic venous insufficiency, CVI). Taking a particular product 

containing hesperidin methyl chalcone, butcher's broom, and vitamin C by mouth seems to relieve 

the symptoms of poor circulation in the legs. 

Hemorrhoids. Taking a specific product (Daflon 500, Les Laboratoires Servier) containing 

hesperidin and diosmin by mouth for up to 3 months improves symptoms of anal hemorrhoids. 

Leg ulcers from poor circulation (venous stasis ulcers). 

Treating swelling of the arms following surgery for breast cancer.

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