Mogroside V (MV), extracted from Guangxi speciality economic plant - Luo Han Guo, its form is white crystal powder, melting point is 197-200 ℃, solubility in water is 6.10g/100mL. is Luo Han Guo saponins in the study of the more widely used natural compounds, which account for Total saponin content of 30% ~ 40%, plant content is high and water solubility is good, there have been more than 98% purity of finished products used as food additives. As the main sweet component of Luo Han Guo saponin, its sweetness is 300 times that of sucrose, and 425 times that of 5% sucrose at a concentration of 1 in 10,000, and the sweetness is stable between 0 and 180°C. The sweetness does not change much in the range of pH 2-9, and the sweetness is maximum when pH=4.5, and decreases markedly when the pH is less than 2 or greater than 9, and turns red in sulphuric acid solution, and there is no change in the sweetness. In sulfuric acid solution, it turns red and has green fluorescence, and has good foaming and emulsifying properties. Mogroside V has the efficacy of clearing heat, moistening the lungs and suppressing cough, moistening the intestines and relaxing the bowels, and has the effect of preventing and controlling obesity, constipation and diabetes mellitus.

Figure 1, Mogroside V

Pharmacological effects

1, Anti-inflammatory effect.

2, Anti-oxidant effect

3, Anti-tumour effect.

4, Protect the liver.

5, Intervention of glucose and lipid metabolism.

6, Other pharmacological activity research Mogroside V in addition to the above description of the various types of pharmacological effects, but also has a series of other biological activities. Mogroside V has expectorant, cough suppressant, asthma and other pharmacological effects. In terms of antibacterial and antimicrobial, Mogroside V has obvious antibacterial and antimicrobial effects. In the prevention and treatment of dental caries, Mogroside V can slow down the growth of Streptococcus pyogenes, acid production and adhesion ability, there are prospects for the development of non-cariogenic natural sweeteners. Mogroside V has the effect of enhancing immunity, and Mogroside V has a positive effect on the cellular immune function of cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed mice. In the study of psychiatric disorders, Mogroside V and its metabolite 11-oxo-Ro Han Guo Saponin V can reverse the inactivation of MK801-induced phosphorylation levels of AKT and mTOR, and inhibit apoptosis to prevent MK-801-induced neuronal damage.

Mechanism of action

1, Anti-inflammatory effect

In the anti-inflammatory aspect of the use of Mogroside V as a subject matter of more research discussions, some researchers found that Mogroside V has a protective effect on LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, the mechanism of action is to reduce the LPS-induced symptoms associated with acute lung injury, such as inflammatory cell infiltration into the lung tissues, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, the W/D ratio, and MPO activity, through the blockade of the activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway, histological alterations, and expression of iNOS and COX-2. It was also found that Mogroside V modulates the TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway through AMPK activation thereby attenuating LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice. Available. Mogroside V down-regulated IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17 and MUC5AC, thereby attenuating ovalbumin (OVA)-induced lung inflammation.

2, Antioxidant effect

Antioxidant research is an important method for people to carry out evaluation of biological activity, if the organism is in a long-term oxidative and inflammatory state, it will be the key to lead to a variety of chronic diseases. The antioxidant activity of Mogroside V has been expressed, Mogroside V, 11-oxo-Mogroside V have significant inhibitory effect on the active oxygen groups (O2-, H2O2 and -OH) and DNA oxidative damage, and both of them are different with different subjects. Mogroside V had significant scavenging effects on superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals in the in vitro environment, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) production during auto-oxidative haemolysis of erythrocytes and inhibited lipid peroxidation and repaired peroxidative damage to liver tissue induced by external mechanisms in rats. All of the Luo Han Guo saponin analogues showed some antioxidant activity, and the antioxidant capacity of different Luo Han Guo saponins varied in different test systems. It has also been shown that there is an antioxidant effect of Mogroside V, which can inhibit the oxidation of LDL in a dose-dependent manner, and it is speculated that it may have the potential to reduce the atherogenic potential of LDL.

3, Anti-tumour effects

Malignant tumours or cancers pose a major threat to human health, with rapid progression, high treatment costs and recurrent prognosis. Human assessment of the anti-cancer and anticancer utility of natural plant compounds is also advancing. Mogroside V showed significant inhibitory effects on the proliferation of five cell types, namely DU145, HepG2, A549, CNE1, and CNE2, with an IC50 value of 81.48 μM for CNE1 cells significantly stronger than that for the other cell lines, which was hypothesised to be possible through the promotion of pro-apoptotic genes, such as Caspase-3 and Bax, as well as the inhibition of anti-apoptotic genes, such as Survivin, Bcl-2, etc., to make tumour cells apoptotic and exert anti-cancer activity. Stevioside and Mogroside V have significant inhibitory effects on skin carcinogenesis in both stages of mice in vivo, and both of them have the value of being used as chemopreventive agents for carcinogenesis, and Mogroside V is able to delay the occurrence of cancer very significantly and reduce the number of tumour masses.

4, Protect the liver

Liver plays a key role in maintaining the metabolic homeostasis of the organism, and its internal metabolic enzymes are also important reference indexes for physiological testing. In the study of Mogroside V affecting the metabolism of liver, it was found that it can reduce the activity of ALT and AST in the serum of CCl4-induced hepatic injury rats, and increase the activity of enzymes of hepatic tissues, such as SOD and GSH-Px, as well as reduce the content of MDA, which has obvious liver protection effect on rats with chronic liver injury. Hepatoprotective effect. Mogroside V can promote the enzyme activities of CAT and SOD in the liver, and has certain preventive and therapeutic effects on acute alcohol-induced liver injury, and can significantly alleviate the lesions produced in liver tissue. With high fat, ethanol and CCl4 compound caused by hepatic fibrosis rats, Mogroside V can inhibit its hepatic stellate cell activation marker α-SMA expression, reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, and have a certain degree of inhibition of fibrotic lesions in liver tissue.

5, Intervention of glycolipid metabolism

Mogroside V can mediate AMPK signalling pathway to improve glucose and lipid metabolism, Mogroside V can reduce the accumulation of fat in the livers of mice suffering from obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and increase the level of AMPK phosphorylation. It was also found that Mogroside V could inhibit ROS production in THP-1 cells by up-regulating the expression of SQSTM1 and p62 genes, and it was hypothesised that Mogroside V might be a major functional component in enhancing fat metabolism and antioxidant. Mogroside V has anti-glycosylation and antioxidant effects, which can further develop antidiabetic-related preparations, and it can improve insulin resistance and various physiological indices in diabetic mice and regulate blood glucose and blood lipids by activating the AMPK signalling pathway.The researchers found that Mogroside V can inhibit the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by activating the AMPK signalling pathway, as well as that luohanoside IIIE inhibits 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation through activating the AMPK signalling pathway, as well as luohanoside IIIE by activating the AMPK signalling pathway to alleviate gestational diabetes in mice.

Preparation of Mogroside V

A method of preparing Luo Han Guo Glycoside V using molecular distillation, which comprises the following steps:

1, Crush Luo Han Guo and pass it through a 40-60 mesh sieve to obtain Luo Han Guo powder. Weigh 60 g of Luo Han Guo powder in a 1000 mL round-bottomed flask, add 500 mL of ethanol with a volume concentration of 80% to the round-bottomed flask, and put the round-bottomed flask into an ultrasonic cleaner, and ultrasonically immerse the flask for 30 min under the condition of 200 KHz.

2, After the ultrasonic immersion, the round-bottomed flask was heated with an electric heating jacket, and reflux extraction was carried out for 5 h. After the end of reflux extraction, the filtrate was extracted and collected. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove most of the solvent to obtain Luo Han Guo extract (the extract was a viscous fluid paste), and the yield of Luo Han Guo extract was 30.12%.

3, Luo Han Guo extract was subjected to the first molecular distillation under the conditions of scraper speed of 140 rad/min, distillation temperature of 40 ℃, distillation pressure of 0.1 Pa, and feed rate of 0.3 mL/min, and the light component 1# and recombinant fraction 2# of Luo Han Guo extract were obtained, and the yield of recombinant fraction 2# of Luo Han Guo was 36.51%.

4, The recombinant fraction 2# was subjected to the second molecular distillation under the conditions of scraper speed of 70 rad/min, distillation temperature of 60 ℃, distillation pressure of 0.1 Pa, and feed rate of 0.5 mL/min, and the light fraction 3# containing Mogroside V was obtained (in which the yield of the light fraction 3# of the Luohan Guo extract was 3.63%).

The light component 3# containing Mogroside V was freeze-dried by a freeze-dryer for 24 h, and white powdery crystals were obtained, which were the finished product of Mogroside V.

References

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