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Robenidine derivatives as potential antischistosomal drug candidates
Christian N. Lotz ; Alina Krollenbrock ; Lea Imhof , et al. Int J Parasitol-Drug,2024,25,100546. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2024.100546
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Abstract: Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma spp. is a disease that causes a considerable health burden to millions of people worldwide. The limited availability of effective drugs on the market and the increased risk of resistance development due to extensive usage, highlight the urgent need for new antischistosomal drugs. Recent studies have shown that robenidine derivatives, containing an aminoguanidine core, exhibit promising activities against Plasmodium falciparum, motivating further investigation into their efficacy against Schistosoma mansoni, due to their similar habitat and the resulting related cellular mechanisms like the heme detoxification pathway. The conducted phenotypic screening of robenidine and 80 derivatives against newly transformed schistosomula and adult Schistosoma mansoni yielded 11 candidates with low EC50 values for newly transformed schistosomula (1.12–4.63 μM) and adults (2.78–9.47 μM). The structure-activity relationship revealed that electron-withdrawing groups at the phenyl moiety, as well as the presence of methyl groups adjacent to the guanidine moiety, enhanced the activity of derivatives against both stages of Schistosoma mansoni. The two compounds 2,2′-Bis[(3-cyano-4-fluorophenyl)methylene] carbonimidic Dihydrazide Hydrochloride (1) and 2,2′-Bis[(4-difluoromethoxyphenyl) ethylidene] carbonimidic Dihydrazide Hydrochloride (19), were selected for an in vivo study in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice based on their potency, cytotoxicity, pharmacokinetic-, and physicochemical properties, but failed to reduce the worm burden significantly (worm burden reduction <20%). Thus, robenidine derivatives require further refinements to obtain higher antischistosomal specificity and in vivo activity.
Keywords: Robenidine derivative ; Aminoguanidine ; Schistosoma mansoni ; Drug discovery ; Structure-activity relationship
Purchased from AmBeed: 101048-76-4 ; 90-98-2 ; 36062-19-8 ; 99-61-6 ; 1261759-41-4 ; 218301-22-5 ; 67-36-7 ; 35714-48-8
CAS No. : | 218301-22-5 | MDL No. : | MFCD01863558 |
Formula : | C8H4FNO | Boiling Point : | - |
Linear Structure Formula : | - | InChI Key : | MOFRJTLODZILCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
M.W : | 149.12 | Pubchem ID : | 2769582 |
Synonyms : |
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Signal Word: | Warning | Class: | N/A |
Precautionary Statements: | P261-P280-P305+P351+P338 | UN#: | N/A |
Hazard Statements: | H302+H312+H332-H315-H319-H335 | Packing Group: | N/A |
GHS Pictogram: |
* All experimental methods are cited from the reference, please refer to the original source for details. We do not guarantee the accuracy of the content in the reference.
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
EXAMPLE 47 5-((4-(6-Chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-2-fluoro benzonitrile The title compound was prepared (392 mg, 41%) from 6-chloro-N-(piperidin-4-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine dihydrochloride (655 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 2-fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile (399 mg, 2.7 mmol) by following the general procedure described for Preparation 11. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) d 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 4.93 (d, 1H), 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.83 (d, 2H), 2.23 (dt, 2H), 2.10 (d, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z: Calculated for C19H18ClFN5S, 402.1. Observed: 402.2 (M++1). | ||
EXAMPLE 47 5-((4-(6-Chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ylamino)piperidin-1-yl)methyl)-2-fluoro benzonitrile The title compound was prepared (392 mg, 41%) from 6-chloro-N-(piperidin-4-yl)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine dihydrochloride (655 mg, 2.4 mmol) and 2-fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile (399 mg, 2.7 mmol) by following the general procedure described for Preparation 11. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) delta 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.63 (m, 1H), 7.55 (m, 1H), 7.16 (m, 1H), 7.00 (s, 1H), 4.93 (d, 1H), 4.19 (m, 1H), 3.50 (s, 2H), 2.83 (d, 2H), 2.23 (dt, 2H), 2.10 (d, 2H), 1.59 (m, 2H); MS (ESI) m/z: Calculated for C19H18ClFN5S, 402.1; Observed: 402.2 (M++1). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
---|---|---|
General procedure: SI, Figure 4. General procedure of the reductive amination reactions: synthesis of AA9-AA24 compounds (Tables 1 and 2). The <strong>[347174-05-4]ethyl 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoate</strong> (AA1) and derivatives (1 equiv.)and benzaldehyde (1 equiv) were heated in DCE for 1h at 80 oC in the presence of molecular sieves (4 A), then the mixture was cooled down to room temperature before addition of the NaBH(OAc)3 (1.6 equiv.) in small portions over 3h. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for 17h. The reaction mixture was quenched with aqueous saturated NaHCO3, and the product was extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extract was dried (MgSO4), and the solvent was evaporated. The residue was purified by flash-column chromatography on silica gel, using a mixture of solvent of DCM: MeOH (50:1), to provide the desired AA9-AA24 compounds (Tables 1-2). |
Yield | Reaction Conditions | Operation in experiment |
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88% | 2-Fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile (10g, 1eq) was dissolved in 100mL 1,4-dioxane, p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide (13.7g, 1eq) was added, stirred at room temperature for 3 hours, and then added Potassium carbonate (13.9 g, 1.5 eq), 4-ethoxyphenylboronic acid (12.2 g, 1 eq), warmed to 100 C. and stirred for 12 hours. After TLC monitoring the reaction of the raw materials, filter, spin dry the filtrate, add petroleum ether and stir for half an hour, filter, and spin dry the filtrate to obtain 15 g of 2-fluoro-5-(4-ethoxybenzyl)benzonitrile (the yield is 88%). |
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