| Identification | Back Directory | [Name]
HLH | [CAS]
39341-83-8 | [Synonyms]
LH
HLH
PLH
ICSH
OVINE LH
HLH USP/EP/BP
LH, HUMAN PITUITARY
LUTEINIZING HORMONE
OVINE LUTEINIZING HORMONE
LUTEINIZING HORMONE, HUMAN
LUTEINIZING HORMONE, HUMAN PITUITARY
luteinizing hormone from human pituitary
LUTEINIZING HORMONE FROM HUMAN*PITUITARI ES
Luteinizing Hormone from human pituitary,ICSH, LH, PLH | [EINECS(EC#)]
254-420-6 | [Molecular Formula]
NULL | [MDL Number]
MFCD03846454 |
| Questions And Answer | Back Directory | [Structure]
LH is a glycoprotein consisting of noncovalently
linked glycoprotein hormone (GPH) α- and LH
β-subunits. The GPH α-subunit is common to folliclestimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH), and chorionic gonadotropin (CG). The LH β-subunit
contains a cysteine-knot motif, which is critical for the
heterodimer assembly and biological activity of the hormone. The N-linked oligosaccharide chain is important
for the intracellular folding, secretion, metabolic clearance, and biological activity of the hormone. Mr 26,000–48,000. pI: human LH, 7.2–9.2; rat LH, 8.6–9.3;
pig LH, 7.2–9.2; horse LH, 4.5–7.5. Multiple isoforms exist
due to the microheterogeneity of oligosaccharide chains.
Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and acetone. Partially
(50%) dissociated to two subunits at pH 1.9. Inactivated by
oxidation (hydrogen peroxide, periodic acid), reduction
(cysteine, ketone), and treatment with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. Picrolonic, flavianic, picric, and trichloroacetic acids precipitate LH with retention of its activity.
 | [Gene, mRNA, and precursor]
The human LH β-subunit gene, LHB, location 2p21,
consists of three exons. The human LH
β-subunit mRNA has 523 b that encode a signal peptide
of 20 aa residues and a mature protein of 121 aa residues. The LH β-subunit gene is expressed in the basophilic
gonadotropes in the anterior pituitary. In tetrapods,
FSH and LH are coexpressed in gonadotropes, whereas
they are produced in different cells in teleosts. | [Receptors]
The receptor of LH (LHR) is a glycoprotein that
belongs to a subclass of the rhodopsin/β-adrenergic subfamily of the membrane-bound GPCR superfamily. The
LHR consists of around 700 aa residues and contains a
large N-terminal extracellular domain (~360 aa residues),
seven transmembrane domains, and a C-terminal intracellular domain. The receptor mainly couples to the Gs protein, and LH
stimulates the production of cAMP in target cells. | [Agonists and Antagonists]
hCG, and purified and recombinant human LH, are
agonists. Deglycosylated hCG and deglycosylated LH are
antagonists. | [Clinical implications]
A single mutation (Gly 578 Asp) in the sixth transmembrane domain of LHR resulting in the constitutive
activation of the LHR causes familial male precocious
puberty.16 A missense mutation (Ala 593 Pro) in the
sixth transmembrane domain of LHR causes Leydig cell
hypoplasia. Conditions with high LH levels include
premature menopause, gonadal dysgenesis, Turner
syndrome, castration, Swyer syndrome, polycystic
ovary syndrome, certain forms of congenital adrenal
hyperplasia, testicular failure, and pregnancy. Conditions with low FSH levels include Kallmann syndrome,
hypothalamic suppression, hypopituitarism, eating disorders, female athlete triad, hyperprolactinemia, and
hypogonadism. | [Synthesis and release]
The synthesis and release of LH are regulated by GnRH,
gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), gonadal steroids, and dopamine. In tetrapods, GnRH acts directly
on gonadotropes and differentially regulates LH and
FSH secretion through changes in the pattern of GnRH
pulsatile secretion. GnIH inhibits LH secretion in birds
and mammals, whereas GnIH can stimulate and inhibit
LH secretion in fish depending on the species and reproductive status. LH secretion is regulated by gonadal steroids such as estradiol and testosterone. Gonadal
steroids exert their effects at the level of the hypothalamus
by changing GnRH secretion, and directly at the level of
the gonadotropes, where they exert different effects
depending on the species and reproductive condition of
animals. In teleosts, dopamine inhibits both basal and
GnRH-stimulated LH secretion. |
| Hazard Information | Back Directory | [Description]
This is a gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone secreted
from the anterior pituitary. In females, an LH surge triggers
ovulation and stimulates the development of the corpus
luteum. In males, LH stimulates androgen production and
spermatogenesis. Gonadotropic fractions with the properties of LH were
purified from the ovine in the late 1950s, and subsequently LH has been isolated from many other species.
Human LH was first fully purified in 1964. The aa
sequence of the ovine LH β-subunit was determined in
1972. The full nucleotide sequence of the human LH
β-subunit gene was determined in 1984. | [Uses]
A surge of LH is tested to predict ovulation using urinary ovulation predictor kits. Recombinant human LH is
used for the treatment of female infertility. Menotropins
(human menopausal gonadotropin, hMG), a mixture of
FSH and LH, are used to treat infertility in women.
hCG derived from the urine of pregnant women is used
as an LH substitute. | [General Description]
LH is another glycoprotein. It acts after the maturing actionof FSH on ovarian follicles, stimulates production of estrogens,and transforms the follicles into corpora lutea. LHalso acts in the male to stimulate the Leydig cells that producetestosterone. |
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